Image Gallery: Free will
Back to articleA simplified taxonomy of philosophical positions regarding free will and determinism
Various definitions of free will that have been proposed for Metaphysical Libertarianism (agent/substance causal, centered accounts, and efforts of will theory), along with examples of other common free will positions (Compatibilism, Hard Determinism, and Hard Incompatibilism). Red circles represent mental states; blue circles represent physical states; arrows describe causal interaction.
A simplified taxonomy of philosophical positions regarding free will and theological determinism
Renรฉ Descartes
Thomas Hobbes was a classical compatibilist.
Baruch Spinoza thought that there is no free will.
Arthur Schopenhauer claimed that phenomena do not have freedom of the will, but the will as noumenon is not subordinate to the laws of necessity (causality) and is thus free.
Augustine's view of free will and predestination would go on to have a profound impact on Christian theology.
Bas relief of Maimonides in the U.S. House of Representatives
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