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cambus.net.atom.xml - sfeed_tests - sfeed tests and RSS and Atom files |
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git clone git://git.codemadness.org/sfeed_tests (git://git.codemadness.org) |
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--- |
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cambus.net.atom.xml (234551B) |
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--- |
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> |
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2 <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"> |
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3 <title><![CDATA[Atom Feed - Cambus.net]]></title> |
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4 <subtitle><![CDATA[Personal site and technical blog of Frederic Cambus]]></subtitle> |
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5 |
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6 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/atom.xml" rel="self" /> |
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7 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/" /> |
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8 |
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9 <updated>2021-10-01T23:39:34Z</updated> |
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10 <id>https://www.cambus.net/</id> |
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11 |
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12 <author> |
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13 <name><![CDATA[Frederic Cambus]]></name> |
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14 </author> |
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15 |
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16 <generator uri="https://github.com/fcambus/motyl">Motyl</generator> |
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17 |
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18 <entry> |
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19 <title><![CDATA[Toolchains adventures - Q3 2021]]></title> |
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20 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/toolchains-adventures-q3-2021/"/> |
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21 <id>https://www.cambus.net/toolchains-adventures-q3-2021/</id> |
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22 <published>2021-10-01T23:16:00Z</published> |
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23 <updated>2021-10-01T23:16:00Z</updated> |
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24 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been keeping myself busy since I posted the "<a href="https://www.cambus.net/diving-into-toolchains/">Diving into toolchains</a>" |
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25 article at the beginning of June, so here is an update detailing what I've |
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26 been up to during the past couple of months.</p> |
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27 |
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28 <p>At the end of June, I went through the FSF copyright assignment process for |
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29 both <strong>Binutils</strong> and <strong>GDB</strong>, which now allows me to contribute larger |
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30 changes to these codebases. I thus updated the <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=77db4723ddda2a5eb20876e8a818f77ffa7dafc8">NetBSD system call table</a> |
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31 in GDB, and added support to readelf for <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=98ca73afe51e1e921915c37f242c88d4d445841c">reading OpenBSD ELF core notes</a>.</p> |
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32 |
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33 <p>In Pkgsrc land, I packaged and imported <a href="https://github.com/rui314/mold">mold</a>, a new linker that is |
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34 optimized for modern multi-core machines, and updated our binutils package |
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35 to the latest version.</p> |
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36 |
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37 <p>At the end of August, I attended the <strong>OpenBSD k2k21 hackathon</strong>, and one of |
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38 the goals I had was to get <a href="https://clang.llvm.org/docs/SourceBasedCodeCoverage.html">source-based code coverage</a> working in LLVM. |
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39 The first part of this was to find how to allow the compiler driver to |
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40 link against the <strong>libclang_rt.profile</strong> library when passing the |
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41 <strong>-fprofile-instr-generate</strong> and <strong>-fcoverage-mapping</strong> options to Clang. |
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42 Once I figured the <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/uWsA4smmd2wX3UBC">magic incantation</a>, I committed my change to src |
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43 and <a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/D109244">sent it upstream</a> where it got committed and backported to the |
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44 LLVM 13 branch. With this part sorted, the next step was to build and ship |
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45 the library in the base system. I added <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/mQ6P5wL9QLzzIzbt">build infrastructure</a> for the |
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46 library in base, and <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/nVaOYoXmnskB2gez">linked it to the build</a>. It is now enabled on |
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47 architectures where Clang is built.</p> |
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48 |
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49 <p>To illustrate what we can do with the source-based code coverage, let's |
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50 take the following C program:</p> |
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51 |
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52 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#include <stdio.h> |
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53 </span> |
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54 <span class="kt">int</span> |
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55 <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> |
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56 <span class="p">{</span> |
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57 <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">" >o_/ >o_/ >o_/ </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
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58 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> |
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59 |
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60 <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"*PAN!* *PAN!* *PAN!*</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
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61 <span class="p">}</span> |
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62 </code></pre></div></div> |
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63 |
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64 <p>Let's build and instrument it to emit profile data:</p> |
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65 |
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66 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>clang <span class="nt">-fprofile-instr-generate</span> <span class="nt">-fcoverage-mapping</span> ducks.c <span class="nt">-o</span> ducks |
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67 </code></pre></div></div> |
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68 |
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69 <p>And we can now run it to collect and process profile data:</p> |
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70 |
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71 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">LLVM_PROFILE_FILE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ducks.profraw"</span> ./ducks |
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72 llvm-profdata merge <span class="nt">-sparse</span> ducks.profraw <span class="nt">-o</span> ducks.profdata |
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73 llvm-cov show ./ducks <span class="nt">-instr-profile</span><span class="o">=</span>ducks.profdata |
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74 </code></pre></div></div> |
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75 |
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76 <p>We can see that no ducks were harmed during this experiment:</p> |
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77 |
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78 <p><img src="/content/2021/10/ducks.png" alt="Ducks profile" title="Ducks profiling" /></p> |
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79 |
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80 <p>Coverage reports can also be created by llvm-cov:</p> |
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81 |
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82 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>llvm-cov report ./ducks <span class="nt">-instr-profile</span><span class="o">=</span>ducks.profdata |
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83 |
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84 Filename Regions Missed Regions Cover Functions Missed Functions Executed Lines Missed Lines Cover |
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85 <span class="nt">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span> |
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86 /home/f/ducks/ducks.c 2 1 50.00% 1 0 100.00% 6 1 83.33% |
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87 <span class="nt">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span> |
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88 TOTAL 2 1 50.00% 1 0 100.00% 6 1 83.33% |
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89 </code></pre></div></div> |
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90 |
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91 <p>Using the <strong>LLVM_PROFILE_FILE</strong> environment variable, it is possible to |
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92 do several runs with different options and/or input files and get a new |
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93 <strong>.profraw</strong> file each time. All those files can then be merged using |
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94 <strong>llvm-profdata</strong>, which is pretty useful for doing coverage reports from |
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95 unit tests.</p> |
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96 |
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97 <p>On top of the OpenBSD related changes I've been contributing upstream to |
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98 LLVM, I've been continuing my experiments with the build system. I've also |
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99 been reading documentation about various parts of the toolchain, sending |
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100 diffs when encountering mistakes or things which could be improved.</p> |
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101 |
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102 <p>binutils and GDB commits:</p> |
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103 |
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104 <ul> |
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105 <li>2021-09-11 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=98ca73afe51e1e921915c37f242c88d4d445841c">98ca73a</a> - Add support to readelf for reading OpenBSD ELF core notes</li> |
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106 <li>2021-07-14 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=77db4723ddda2a5eb20876e8a818f77ffa7dafc8">77db472</a> - Update the NetBSD system call table to match NetBSD-current</li> |
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107 </ul> |
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108 |
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109 <p>Pkgsrc toolchains related commits:</p> |
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110 |
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111 <ul> |
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112 <li>2021-09-27 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/65675ea811f6d03c306ce7f7c0025b3a54c4d616">65675ea</a> - Update to mold 0.9.6</li> |
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113 <li>2021-09-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/871f328dd67d65399dd1c14fb9399facbee7e1ce">871f328</a> - Update to binutils 2.37</li> |
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114 <li>2021-09-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/053d0f2eb4be764d374dff859c8fe3f1d0e1b661">53d0f2e</a> - Update to mold 0.9.5</li> |
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115 <li>2021-07-29 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/1b5d5857ac970d79e15d7c766626956da3a65e68">1b5d585</a> - Import mold 0.9.3</li> |
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116 </ul> |
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117 |
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118 <p>LLVM commits:</p> |
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119 |
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120 <ul> |
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121 <li>2021-09-30 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/97a0ba475d105838bd9bb7ed8506f599210995c7">97a0ba4</a> - [clang] Update Clang version from 13 to 14 in scan-build.1</li> |
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122 <li>2021-09-30 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/01641f665f5a3f94fc9e2bba598b5a65a6a7bd01">01641f6</a> - [clang] Fix sentence in the usage section of ThinLTO docs</li> |
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123 <li>2021-09-29 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/7a7caf97012f53172743d650fd3c97bce99f86ef">7a7caf9</a> - [clang] Fix library name (libsupc++) in the admonition note</li> |
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124 <li>2021-09-28 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/5b125a49ba9f52cb6b24767f3c98ce623a2d5207">5b125a4</a> - [CMake] Add detection for the mold linker in AddLLVM.cmake</li> |
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125 <li>2021-09-24 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/626e2a6c6236d2fd7582928a0363d381c55eb43d">626e2a6</a> - [compiler-rt] Use portable "#!/usr/bin/env bash" shebang for tests</li> |
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126 <li>2021-09-24 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/4ed05312a1557b2f2552298a3aac12c2e224d77e">4ed0531</a> - [docs] Document the –print-passes flag in opt</li> |
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127 <li>2021-09-23 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/7f5ca8cc2158debe66663f09eb19b4613e75e124">7f5ca8c</a> - [clang] Use portable "#!/usr/bin/env bash" shebang for tools and utils</li> |
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128 <li>2021-09-17 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/b588f5d665aa01fe88921fe2ffb7256fdedfbfb0">b588f5d</a> - [clang][scan-build] Use cc/c++ instead of gcc/g++ on OpenBSD</li> |
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129 <li>2021-09-07 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/4787ef3d0f0abfdc041d418aba28a7e6473f0766">4787ef3</a> - [compiler-rt] Document that builtins is known to work on OpenBSD</li> |
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130 <li>2021-09-03 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/466451c6616272d8c779618b92b0ae80f394a795">466451c</a> - [clang] Allow the OpenBSD driver to link the libclang_rt.profile library</li> |
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131 <li>2021-07-27 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/1862ffe25a2e927ecae012f5f0c4cdf7c3fc1b67">1862ffe</a> - [clang] Fix a typo in the manual page: s/contraint/constraint</li> |
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132 <li>2021-07-23 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/bc96aa9f2c9b25ae65a7e05dbbff8c28079db9c9">bc96aa9</a> - [clang] Fix typos in Options.td and regen ClangCommandLineReference.rst</li> |
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133 </ul> |
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134 |
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135 ]]></content> |
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136 <summary type="html"> |
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137 <![CDATA[My continuous journey into toolchains, in the third quarter of 2021]]> |
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138 </summary> |
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139 |
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140 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
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141 </entry> |
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142 <entry> |
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143 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD on the Vortex86DX CPU]]></title> |
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144 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu/"/> |
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145 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu/</id> |
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146 <published>2021-09-24T13:12:00Z</published> |
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147 <updated>2021-09-24T13:12:00Z</updated> |
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148 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This is the OpenBSD counterpart of my article about running <a href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu/">NetBSD on |
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149 the Vortex86DX CPU</a>, and its purpose is mostly to archive a <strong>dmesg</strong> |
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150 entry and various benchmarks for this machine. I should note that with |
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151 only 256MB of RAM, the machine is too constrained to do kernel and |
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152 libraries relinking in a timely manner, due to swapping.</p> |
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153 |
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154 <p>For more information and background about the hardware, please refer to |
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155 my other article.</p> |
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156 |
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157 <p>Here is the result of a quick <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
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158 |
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159 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MD5 <span class="nb">time </span>trial. Processing 10000 10000-byte blocks... |
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160 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
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161 Time <span class="o">=</span> 2.398437 seconds |
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162 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 41693819.766790 bytes/second |
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163 </code></pre></div></div> |
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164 |
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165 <p>Here is the result of the <strong>sha1 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
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166 |
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167 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>SHA1 <span class="nb">time </span>trial. Processing 10000 10000-byte blocks... |
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168 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 74a57b897cc581defa5b3a359fa762a1b83a60e8 |
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169 Time <span class="o">=</span> 5.648437 seconds |
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170 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 17704012.632167 bytes/second |
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171 </code></pre></div></div> |
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172 |
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173 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-vortex.txt">here</a>.</p> |
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174 |
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175 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
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176 |
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177 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>OpenBSD 7.0 <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#203: Wed Sep 22 19:24:38 MDT 2021</span> |
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178 deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/GENERIC |
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179 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 267927552 <span class="o">(</span>255MB<span class="o">)</span> |
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180 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 246661120 <span class="o">(</span>235MB<span class="o">)</span> |
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181 random: good seed from bootblocks |
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182 mpath0 at root |
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183 scsibus0 at mpath0: 256 targets |
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184 mainbus0 at root |
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185 bios0 at mainbus0: <span class="nb">date </span>10/29/10, BIOS32 rev. 0 @ 0xf0010 |
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186 pcibios0 at bios0: rev 3.0 @ 0xf0000/0x10000 |
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187 pcibios0: PCI IRQ Routing Table rev 1.0 @ 0xf3a80/224 <span class="o">(</span>12 entries<span class="o">)</span> |
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188 pcibios0: no compatible PCI ICU found: ICU vendor 0x17f3 product 0x6031 |
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189 pcibios0: Warning, unable to fix up PCI interrupt routing |
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190 pcibios0: PCI bus <span class="c">#0 is the last bus</span> |
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191 bios0: ROM list: 0xc0000/0x8000 0xe9400/0x200! |
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192 cpu0 at mainbus0: <span class="o">(</span>uniprocessor<span class="o">)</span> |
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193 cpu0: Vortex86 SoC <span class="o">(</span>586-class<span class="o">)</span> 1.01 GHz, 05-02-02 |
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194 cpu0: FPU,TSC,CX8 |
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195 pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0: configuration mode 1 <span class="o">(</span>no bios<span class="o">)</span> |
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196 pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"RDC R6021 Host"</span> rev 0x02 |
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197 vga1 at pci0 dev 3 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"XGI Technology Volari Z7"</span> rev 0x00 |
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198 wsdisplay0 at vga1 mux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>80x25, vt100 emulation<span class="o">)</span> |
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199 wsdisplay0: screen 1-5 added <span class="o">(</span>80x25, vt100 emulation<span class="o">)</span> |
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200 pcib0 at pci0 dev 7 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"RDC R6031 ISA"</span> rev 0x02 |
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201 vte0 at pci0 dev 8 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"RDC R6040 Ethernet"</span> rev 0x00: irq 10, address 00:1b:eb:22:16:5c |
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202 rdcphy0 at vte0 phy 1: R6040 10/100 PHY, rev. 1 |
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203 ohci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"RDC R6060 USB"</span> rev 0x12: irq 11, version 1.0, legacy support |
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204 ehci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class="k">function </span>1 <span class="s2">"RDC R6061 USB2"</span> rev 0x03: irq 11 |
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205 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
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206 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
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207 ohci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"RDC R6060 USB"</span> rev 0x12: irq 11, version 1.0, legacy support |
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208 ehci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class="k">function </span>1 <span class="s2">"RDC R6061 USB2"</span> rev 0x03: irq 11 |
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209 usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
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210 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
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211 pciide0 at pci0 dev 12 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"RDC R1011 IDE"</span> rev 0x01: DMA <span class="o">(</span>unsupported<span class="o">)</span>, channel 0 configured to compatibility, channel 1 configured to compatibility |
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212 pciide0: channel 0 ignored <span class="o">(</span>not responding<span class="p">;</span> disabled or no drives?<span class="o">)</span> |
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213 pciide0: channel 1 ignored <span class="o">(</span>not responding<span class="p">;</span> disabled or no drives?<span class="o">)</span> |
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214 isa0 at pcib0 |
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215 isadma0 at isa0 |
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216 pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60/5 irq 1 irq 12 |
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217 pckbd0 at pckbc0 <span class="o">(</span>kbd slot<span class="o">)</span> |
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218 wskbd0 at pckbd0: console keyboard, using wsdisplay0 |
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219 pcppi0 at isa0 port 0x61 |
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220 spkr0 at pcppi0 |
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221 npx0 at isa0 port 0xf0/16: reported by CPUID<span class="p">;</span> using exception 16 |
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222 usb2 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
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223 uhub2 at usb2 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC OHCI root hub"</span> rev 1.00/1.00 addr 1 |
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224 usb3 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
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225 uhub3 at usb3 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC OHCI root hub"</span> rev 1.00/1.00 addr 1 |
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226 dt: 445 probes |
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227 umass0 at uhub1 port 2 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"SanDisk Cruzer Switch"</span> rev 2.00/1.27 addr 2 |
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228 umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only |
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229 scsibus1 at umass0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
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230 sd0 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 0: <SanDisk, Cruzer Switch, 1.27> removable serial.07815572120302108502 |
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231 sd0: 7633MB, 512 bytes/sector, 15633408 sectors |
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232 uhidev0 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Lenovo ThinkPad Compact USB Keyboard with TrackPoint"</span> rev 2.00/3.30 addr 2 |
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233 uhidev0: iclass 3/1 |
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234 ukbd0 at uhidev0: 8 variable keys, 6 key codes |
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235 wskbd1 at ukbd0 mux 1 |
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236 wskbd1: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
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237 uhidev1 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 1 <span class="s2">"Lenovo ThinkPad Compact USB Keyboard with TrackPoint"</span> rev 2.00/3.30 addr 2 |
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238 uhidev1: iclass 3/1, 22 report ids |
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239 ums0 at uhidev1 reportid 1: 5 buttons, Z and W <span class="nb">dir |
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240 </span>wsmouse0 at ums0 mux 0 |
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241 ucc0 at uhidev1 reportid 16: 573 usages, 18 keys, array |
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242 wskbd2 at ucc0 mux 1 |
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243 wskbd2: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
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244 uhid0 at uhidev1 reportid 17: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
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245 uhid1 at uhidev1 reportid 19: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>8, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>8, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>8 |
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246 uhid2 at uhidev1 reportid 21: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
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247 uhid3 at uhidev1 reportid 22: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
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248 uaudio0 at uhub2 port 2 configuration 1 interface 1 <span class="s2">"ABC C-Media USB Audio Device"</span> rev 1.10/1.00 addr 3 |
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249 uaudio0: class v1, full-speed, <span class="nb">sync</span>, channels: 2 play, 1 rec, 8 ctls |
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250 audio0 at uaudio0 |
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251 uhidev2 at uhub2 port 2 configuration 1 interface 3 <span class="s2">"ABC C-Media USB Audio Device"</span> rev 1.10/1.00 addr 3 |
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252 uhidev2: iclass 3/0 |
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253 ucc1 at uhidev2: 11 usages, 3 keys, enum |
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254 wskbd3 at ucc1 mux 1 |
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255 wskbd3: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
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256 vscsi0 at root |
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257 scsibus2 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
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258 softraid0 at root |
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259 scsibus3 at softraid0: 256 targets |
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260 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>779fe8066eed6ce5.a<span class="o">)</span> swap on sd0b dump on sd0b |
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261 </code></pre></div></div> |
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262 |
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263 <p>There are no sensors available on this machine.</p> |
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264 |
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265 <p>PCI device data:</p> |
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266 |
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267 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c"># pcidump</span> |
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268 Domain /dev/pci0: |
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269 0:0:0: RDC R6021 Host |
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270 0:3:0: XGI Technology Volari Z7 |
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271 0:7:0: RDC R6031 ISA |
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272 0:8:0: RDC R6040 Ethernet |
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273 0:10:0: RDC R6060 USB |
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274 0:10:1: RDC R6061 USB2 |
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275 0:11:0: RDC R6060 USB |
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276 0:11:1: RDC R6061 USB2 |
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277 0:12:0: RDC R1011 IDE |
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278 </code></pre></div></div> |
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279 |
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280 ]]></content> |
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281 <summary type="html"> |
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282 <![CDATA[Running OpenBSD on the DMP EBOX 3300A-H with a Vortex86DX CPU]]> |
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283 </summary> |
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284 |
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285 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
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286 </entry> |
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287 <entry> |
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288 <title><![CDATA[Diving into toolchains]]></title> |
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289 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/diving-into-toolchains/"/> |
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290 <id>https://www.cambus.net/diving-into-toolchains/</id> |
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291 <published>2021-06-08T13:37:00Z</published> |
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292 <updated>2021-06-08T13:37:00Z</updated> |
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293 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been wanting to learn more about compilers and toolchains in general |
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294 for a while now. In June 2016, I asked about <a href="https://twitter.com/fcambus/status/744799252145070080">recommended readings on lexers |
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295 and parsers</a> on Twitter. However, I have to confess that I didn't go |
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296 forward with reading the Dragon Book.</p> |
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297 |
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298 <p>Instead, I got involved as a developer in the <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="https://www.netbsd.org/">NetBSD</a> |
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299 projects, and witnessing the evolution of toolchains within those systems |
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300 played a big role in maintaining my interest and fascination in the topic. |
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301 In retrospect, it now becomes apparent that the work I did on porting |
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302 and packaging software for those systems really helped to put in perspective |
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303 how the different parts of the toolchains interact together to produce |
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304 binaries.</p> |
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305 |
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306 <p>Approximately one year ago, I asked again on Twitter whether I knew <a href="https://twitter.com/fcambus/status/1249468322883796994">anyone |
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307 having worked on compilers and toolchains professionally</a> to get real |
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308 world advice on how to gain expertise in the field. I got several interesting |
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309 answers and started to collect and read more resources on the topic. |
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310 Some of the links I collected ended up on <a href="https://www.toolchains.net/">toolchains.net</a>, a collection |
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311 of toolchain resources which I put online in February.</p> |
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312 |
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313 <p>But the answer that resonate the most with me was <a href="https://twitter.com/hyc_symas/status/1249474322701451265">Howard's advice to |
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314 learn by doing</a>. Because I seem to be the kind of person who need to |
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315 see some concrete results in order to keep motivated, that's exactly what |
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316 I decided to do.</p> |
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317 |
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318 <p>I started by doing some cleanups in the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/">binutils</a> package in NetBSD's |
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319 pkgsrc, which resulted in a <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/?q=binutils&committer[]=fcambus">series of commits</a>:</p> |
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320 |
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321 <ul> |
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322 <li>2020-12-20 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/ca38479f6b0fcc13f14fefc86cc1739767f9bc39">ca38479</a> - Remove now unneeded OpenBSD specific checks in gold</li> |
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323 <li>2020-12-15 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/7263eeeda8ff66f7b3cd54b3a62743d52f98494b">7263eee</a> - Add missing TEST_DEPENDS on devel/dejagnu</li> |
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324 <li>2020-12-14 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/b1637da54ae4c3860352f1851cb570fca8af1d6f">b1637da</a> - Don't use hard-coded -ldl in the gold test suite.</li> |
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325 <li>2020-12-13 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/146def2d48eac2a72159ca4a40492a1f6f91e8c8">146def2</a> - Remove apparently unneeded patch for libiberty</li> |
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326 <li>2020-12-12 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/6b347a938fed8568337c818c669418729cefde5f">6b347a9</a> - Remove CFLAGS.OpenBSD+= -Wno-bounded directive</li> |
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327 <li>2020-12-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/f53b2d8ae2dd5747bdc29c0575ab8fcae26bd735">f53b2d8</a> - Remove now unneeded patch dropping hidden symbols warning</li> |
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328 <li>2020-12-10 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/b0373808d471e15967274264affbf8deac0a3022">b037380</a> - Enable building gold on Linux</li> |
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329 <li>2020-12-03 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/75d00bc3616276133b55e68d900e32b61fbfb23c">75d00bc</a> - Remove now unneeded workaround for binutils 2.24</li> |
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330 <li>2020-12-03 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/adfee3096ef0366c9dbda13be5074c1267ff022a">adfee30</a> - Drop all Bitrig related patches</li> |
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331 </ul> |
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332 |
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333 <p>Meanwhile, I also got the opportunity to update our package and apply |
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334 security fixes:</p> |
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335 |
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336 <ul> |
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337 <li>2021-02-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/761e000686bc37c9791ccc34f63ede3e32b49675">761e000</a> - Update to binutils 2.36.1</li> |
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338 <li>2021-01-27 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/ba983e5c5ee6ce131e7399200b7493b2f7efa726">ba983e5</a> - Update to binutils 2.36</li> |
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339 <li>2021-01-07 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/7aef5c0311e2d423ae3f985dec1009fef7b112f2">7aef5c0</a> - Add upstream fixes for CVE-2020-35448</li> |
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340 <li>2020-12-06 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/99fdf3900a96fca988b1eb8e3ee5031f7ffad11a">99fdf39</a> - Update to binutils 2.35.1</li> |
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341 </ul> |
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342 |
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343 <p>I eventually took <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/d7146b45a9b7e78524e14f493cd5835c3334f52c">maintainership</a> of binutils in Pkgsrc.</p> |
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344 |
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345 <p>Building it repeatedly with different compilers exposed different warnings, |
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346 and I've also run builds through Clang's static analyzer.</p> |
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347 |
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348 <p>All of this resulted in the opportunity to contribute to <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=search;s=Frederic+Cambus;st=author">binutils</a> itself:</p> |
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349 |
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350 <ul> |
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351 <li>2021-04-14 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=5f47741bf633596475bb8fbb0ed304be318362cd">5f47741</a> - Remove unneeded tests for definitions of NT_NETBSDCORE values</li> |
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352 <li>2021-04-12 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=0fa29e2deea19a33fec7f1e5a5cf49b94f93b2f8">0fa29e2</a> - Remove now unneeded #ifdef check for NT_NETBSD_PAX</li> |
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353 <li>2021-03-12 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=be3b926d8d2dde16a55e9e303fadf95164e13ebf">be3b926</a> - Add values for NetBSD .note.netbsd.ident notes (PaX)</li> |
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354 <li>2021-01-26 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=e37709f0901fe6f2410094151002bab3d123df85">e37709f</a> - Fix a double free in objcopy's memory freeing code</li> |
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355 </ul> |
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356 |
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|
357 <p>Most recently, I also wrote a couple of blog posts on the topic:</p> |
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358 |
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359 <ul> |
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360 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-netbsd/">The state of toolchains in NetBSD</a></li> |
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361 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-5-minutes/">Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 5 minutes</a></li> |
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362 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-2-minutes-on-arm/">Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 2 minutes on ARM</a></li> |
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|
363 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-openbsd/">The state of toolchains in OpenBSD</a></li> |
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|
364 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-and-gcc-10-on-dos/">Playing with DJGPP and GCC 10 on DOS</a></li> |
|
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|
365 </ul> |
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366 |
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367 <p>And the journey continues. I'm following a different path from traditional |
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368 compiler courses starting with lexers and parsers, and doing the opposite |
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369 curriculum somehow, starting from binaries instead. I will be focusing on the |
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370 final stages of the pipeline for now: compiling assembly to machine code |
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371 and producing binaries.</p> |
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372 |
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|
373 <p>My next steps are to read the full <a href="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/elf.pdf">ELF specification</a>, followed by |
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374 the <a href="https://linker.iecc.com">Linkers and Loader</a> book, and then refresh my ASM skills. My |
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|
375 favorite course at university was the computer architecture one and |
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|
376 especially its MIPS assembly part, so I'm looking to revisit the subject |
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|
377 but with ARM64 assembly this time.</p> |
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378 |
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|
379 ]]></content> |
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|
380 <summary type="html"> |
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381 <![CDATA[My journey into toolchains, through reading and practice]]> |
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382 </summary> |
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383 |
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|
384 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
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385 </entry> |
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|
386 <entry> |
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|
387 <title><![CDATA[NetBSD on the Vortex86DX CPU]]></title> |
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|
388 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu/"/> |
|
|
|
389 <id>https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu/</id> |
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|
390 <published>2021-06-03T18:40:00Z</published> |
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|
391 <updated>2021-06-03T18:40:00Z</updated> |
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|
392 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I'm not exactly sure how I first heard about the <a href="https://www.vortex86.com">Vortex86</a> CPUs, I think |
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393 it was either when seeing the demonstration video on <a href="https://kolibrios.org">KolibriOS</a> project |
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394 site showcasing the system running on a <strong>DMP EBOX</strong> machine, or when skimming |
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395 <strong>NetBSD</strong>'s <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/src/blob/trunk/sys/arch/x86/x86/identcpu.c">identcpu.c</a> code. Or did the discovery of the machine prompted |
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396 me to check if the CPU would be correctly probed by the NetBSD's kernel?</p> |
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397 |
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398 <p>For those interested, Wikipedia has an article retracing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex86">history of the |
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399 Vortex86</a> from its birth at <strong>Rise</strong> to our days.</p> |
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400 |
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401 <p>Several <strong>DMP EBOX</strong> machines are available for sale at various specialized |
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402 vendors, but new devices cost several hundreds of dollars which is prohibitive |
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403 for such low spec systems. However, I was recently able to acquire a boxed |
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404 older model on a local auction site for about $25: the <strong>EBOX 3300A-H</strong>, with |
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405 a 1GHz CPU and 256MB of RAM, no less.</p> |
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406 |
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407 <p>As I already mentioned, those machines are quite slow but they still do have |
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408 a few things going for them:</p> |
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409 |
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410 <ul> |
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411 <li>They are totally <strong>fanless</strong>, and the metal case finish is quite nice</li> |
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412 <li>They are very <strong>low-power x86</strong> embedded devices, and still being produced</li> |
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413 </ul> |
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414 |
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415 <p>I used a power meter to do measurements, and an idle system consumes 5.3W. |
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416 Power consumption peaked at 6.4W when running the OpenSSL speed benchmark.</p> |
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417 |
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418 <p>There is space for a 2.5" hard drive in the enclosure, but I don't have any |
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419 IDE drives anymore so I opted to use old CompactFlash cards I had laying |
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420 around. As a side note, it's actually exquisite to use those cards like |
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421 glorified floppies :-)</p> |
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422 |
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423 <p>For this post, I used a <strong>1GB CompactFlash</strong> card and selected a minimal |
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424 installation in <strong>sysinst</strong>.</p> |
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425 |
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426 <p>The installed system takes 212M:</p> |
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427 |
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428 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Filesystem Size Used Avail %Cap Mounted on |
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429 /dev/wd0a 919M 212M 661M 24% / |
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430 kernfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /kern |
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431 ptyfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /dev/pts |
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432 procfs 4.0K 4.0K 0B 100% /proc |
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433 tmpfs 64M 0B 64M 0% /var/shm |
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434 </code></pre></div></div> |
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435 |
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436 <p>On a freshly booted system, 15 processes are running and 26M of RAM are used:</p> |
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437 |
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438 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>load averages: 0.01, 0.00, 0.00<span class="p">;</span> up 0+00:48:26 14:48:28 |
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439 16 processes: 15 sleeping, 1 on CPU |
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440 CPU states: 0.0% user, 0.0% <span class="nb">nice</span>, 0.0% system, 0.0% interrupt, 100% idle |
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441 Memory: 26M Act, 6460K Exec, 12M File, 195M Free |
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442 Swap: |
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443 |
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|
|
444 PID USERNAME PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME WCPU CPU COMMAND |
|
|
|
445 0 root 96 0 0K 26M usbevt 0:01 0.00% 0.00% <span class="o">[</span>system] |
|
|
|
446 795 root 43 0 6160K 1628K CPU 0:00 0.00% 0.00% top |
|
|
|
447 555 root 85 0 12M 3472K <span class="nb">wait </span>0:00 0.00% 0.00% login |
|
|
|
448 630 postfix 85 0 13M 3220K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% qmgr |
|
|
|
449 599 postfix 85 0 12M 3172K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% pickup |
|
|
|
450 575 root 85 0 13M 2304K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% master |
|
|
|
451 196 root 85 0 9780K 1960K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% syslogd |
|
|
|
452 583 root 85 0 6788K 1824K <span class="nb">wait </span>0:00 0.00% 0.00% sh |
|
|
|
453 710 root 85 0 6276K 1448K nanoslp 0:00 0.00% 0.00% cron |
|
|
|
454 733 root 85 0 6108K 1396K ttyraw 0:00 0.00% 0.00% getty |
|
|
|
455 730 root 85 0 5720K 1392K ttyraw 0:00 0.00% 0.00% getty |
|
|
|
456 633 root 85 0 6104K 1388K ttyraw 0:00 0.00% 0.00% getty |
|
|
|
457 211 root 85 0 7316K 1360K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% dhcpcd |
|
|
|
458 1 root 85 0 6600K 1340K <span class="nb">wait </span>0:00 0.00% 0.00% init |
|
|
|
459 689 root 85 0 5700K 1184K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% inetd |
|
|
|
460 402 root 84 0 5920K 1140K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% powerd |
|
|
|
461 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
462 |
|
|
|
463 <p>Here is the result of running <strong>cat /proc/cpuinfo</strong> on this device:</p> |
|
|
|
464 |
|
|
|
465 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>processor : 0 |
|
|
|
466 vendor_id : Vortex86 SoC |
|
|
|
467 cpu family : 5 |
|
|
|
468 model : 2 |
|
|
|
469 model name : Vortex86DX |
|
|
|
470 stepping : 2 |
|
|
|
471 cpu MHz : 1000.05 |
|
|
|
472 apicid : 0 |
|
|
|
473 initial apicid : 0 |
|
|
|
474 fdiv_bug : no |
|
|
|
475 fpu : <span class="nb">yes |
|
|
|
476 </span>fpu_exception : <span class="nb">yes |
|
|
|
477 </span>cpuid level : 1 |
|
|
|
478 wp : <span class="nb">yes |
|
|
|
479 </span>flags : fpu tsc cx8 |
|
|
|
480 clflush size : 0 |
|
|
|
481 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
482 |
|
|
|
483 <p>For the record, OpenSSL speed benchmark results are available <a href="/files/netbsd/openssl-speed-vortex86.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
484 |
|
|
|
485 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
|
|
486 |
|
|
|
487 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, |
|
|
|
488 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, |
|
|
|
489 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2018, 2019, 2020 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
490 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 |
|
|
|
491 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
492 |
|
|
|
493 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] NetBSD 9.2 <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#0: Wed May 12 13:15:55 UTC 2021</span> |
|
|
|
494 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] mkrepro@mkrepro.NetBSD.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/GENERIC |
|
|
|
495 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] total memory <span class="o">=</span> 255 MB |
|
|
|
496 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] avail memory <span class="o">=</span> 231 MB |
|
|
|
497 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] rnd: seeded with 66 bits |
|
|
|
498 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec |
|
|
|
499 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Kernelized RAIDframe activated |
|
|
|
500 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] running cgd selftest aes-xts-256 aes-xts-512 <span class="k">done</span> |
|
|
|
501 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounter <span class="s2">"i8254"</span> frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100 |
|
|
|
502 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] Generic PC |
|
|
|
503 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] mainbus0 <span class="o">(</span>root<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
504 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] Firmware Error <span class="o">(</span>ACPI<span class="o">)</span>: A valid RSDP was not found <span class="o">(</span>20190405/tbxfroot-261<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
505 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] autoconfiguration error: acpi_probe: failed to initialize tables |
|
|
|
506 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ACPI Error: Could not remove SCI handler <span class="o">(</span>20190405/evmisc-312<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
507 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] cpu0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
508 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] cpu0: Vortex86DX, <span class="nb">id </span>0x522 |
|
|
|
509 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] cpu0: package 0, core 0, smt 0 |
|
|
|
510 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0: configuration mode 1 |
|
|
|
511 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pci0: i/o space, memory space enabled, rd/line, rd/mult, wr/inv ok |
|
|
|
512 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 <span class="k">function </span>0: vendor 17f3 product 6021 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x02<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
513 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vga0 at pci0 dev 3 <span class="k">function </span>0: vendor 18ca product 0020 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x00<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
514 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] wsdisplay0 at vga0 kbdmux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>80x25, vt100 emulation<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
515 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] wsmux1: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
|
|
|
516 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] drm at vga0 not configured |
|
|
|
517 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcpcib0 at pci0 dev 7 <span class="k">function </span>0: vendor 17f3 product 6031 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x02<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
518 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcpcib0: watchdog timer configured. |
|
|
|
519 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vte0 at pci0 dev 8 <span class="k">function </span>0: vendor 17f3 product 6040 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x00<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
520 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vte0: Ethernet address 00:1b:eb:22:16:5c |
|
|
|
521 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vte0: interrupting at irq 10 |
|
|
|
522 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcphy0 at vte0 phy 1: R6040 10/100 media interface, rev. 1 |
|
|
|
523 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto |
|
|
|
524 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class="k">function </span>0: vendor 17f3 product 6060 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x12<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
525 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci0: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
|
|
526 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci0: OHCI version 1.0, legacy support |
|
|
|
527 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb0 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
528 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class="k">function </span>1: vendor 17f3 product 6061 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x03<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
529 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
|
|
530 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: BIOS has given up ownership |
|
|
|
531 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
|
|
532 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: 1 companion controller, 2 ports: ohci0 |
|
|
|
533 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb1 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
534 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class="k">function </span>0: vendor 17f3 product 6060 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x12<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
535 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci1: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
|
|
536 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci1: OHCI version 1.0, legacy support |
|
|
|
537 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb2 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
538 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class="k">function </span>1: vendor 17f3 product 6061 <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x03<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
539 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
|
|
540 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: BIOS has given up ownership |
|
|
|
541 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
|
|
542 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: 1 companion controller, 2 ports: ohci1 |
|
|
|
543 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb3 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
544 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0 at pci0 dev 12 <span class="k">function </span>0: RDC R1011 IDE controller <span class="o">(</span>rev. 0x01<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
545 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: bus-master DMA support present |
|
|
|
546 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: primary channel configured to compatibility mode |
|
|
|
547 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: primary channel interrupting at irq 14 |
|
|
|
548 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] atabus0 at rdcide0 channel 0 |
|
|
|
549 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: secondary channel configured to compatibility mode |
|
|
|
550 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: secondary channel interrupting at irq 15 |
|
|
|
551 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] atabus1 at rdcide0 channel 1 |
|
|
|
552 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] isa0 at rdcpcib0 |
|
|
|
553 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60-0x64 |
|
|
|
554 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] attimer0 at isa0 port 0x40-0x43 |
|
|
|
555 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pcppi0 at isa0 port 0x61 |
|
|
|
556 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] midi0 at pcppi0: PC speaker |
|
|
|
557 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] sysbeep0 at pcppi0 |
|
|
|
558 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] isapnp0 at isa0 port 0x279 |
|
|
|
559 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] attimer0: attached to pcppi0 |
|
|
|
560 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] isapnp0: no ISA Plug <span class="s1">'n Play devices found |
|
|
|
561 [ 1.000003] timecounter: Timecounter "clockinterrupt" frequency 100 Hz quality 0 |
|
|
|
562 [ 1.064509] uhub0 at usb1: NetBSD (0000) EHCI root hub (0000), class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
563 [ 1.064509] uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
564 [ 1.064509] uhub1 at usb2: NetBSD (0000) OHCI root hub (0000), class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
565 [ 1.064509] uhub1: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
566 [ 1.064509] uhub2 at usb3: NetBSD (0000) EHCI root hub (0000), class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
567 [ 1.064509] uhub2: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
568 [ 1.064509] uhub3 at usb0: NetBSD (0000) OHCI root hub (0000), class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
569 [ 1.064509] uhub3: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
570 [ 1.064509] IPsec: Initialized Security Association Processing. |
|
|
|
571 [ 3.914550] uaudio0 at uhub3 port 2 configuration 1 interface 0 |
|
|
|
572 [ 3.914550] uaudio0: vendor 0d8c (0xd8c) C-Media USB Audio Device (0x08), rev 1.10/1.00, addr 2 |
|
|
|
573 [ 3.934546] uaudio0: audio rev 1.00 |
|
|
|
574 [ 3.934546] audio0 at uaudio0: playback, capture, full duplex, independent |
|
|
|
575 [ 3.934546] audio0: slinear_le:16 2ch 48000Hz, blk 11520 bytes (60ms) for playback |
|
|
|
576 [ 3.934546] audio0: slinear_le:16 1ch 48000Hz, blk 6000 bytes (62.5ms) for recording |
|
|
|
577 [ 3.934546] uhidev0 at uhub3 port 2 configuration 1 interface 3 |
|
|
|
578 [ 3.934546] uhidev0: vendor 0d8c (0xd8c) C-Media USB Audio Device (0x08), rev 1.10/1.00, addr 2, iclass 3/0 |
|
|
|
579 [ 3.944550] uhid0 at uhidev0: input=4, output=4, feature=0 |
|
|
|
580 [ 4.054550] wd0 at atabus1 drive 0 |
|
|
|
581 [ 4.054550] wd0: <Hitachi XX.V.3.5.0.0> |
|
|
|
582 [ 4.054550] wd0: drive supports 1-sector PIO transfers, LBA addressing |
|
|
|
583 [ 4.054550] wd0: 977 MB, 1987 cyl, 16 head, 63 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 2002896 sectors |
|
|
|
584 [ 4.064551] wd0: 32-bit data port |
|
|
|
585 [ 4.064551] wd0: drive supports PIO mode 4 |
|
|
|
586 [ 4.064551] wd0(rdcide0:1:0): using PIO mode 4 |
|
|
|
587 [ 4.084559] WARNING: 1 error while detecting hardware; check system log. |
|
|
|
588 [ 4.084559] boot device: wd0 |
|
|
|
589 [ 4.084559] root on wd0a dumps on wd0b |
|
|
|
590 [ 4.094550] root file system type: ffs |
|
|
|
591 [ 4.094550] kern.module.path=/stand/i386/9.2/modules |
|
|
|
592 [ 20.764808] wsdisplay0: screen 1 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
|
|
593 [ 20.784809] wsdisplay0: screen 2 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
|
|
594 [ 20.794810] wsdisplay0: screen 3 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
|
|
595 [ 20.804812] wsdisplay0: screen 4 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
|
|
596 </span></code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
597 |
|
|
|
598 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
599 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
600 <![CDATA[Running NetBSD on the DMP EBOX 3300A-H with a Vortex86DX CPU]]> |
|
|
|
601 </summary> |
|
|
|
602 |
|
|
|
603 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/netbsd"/> |
|
|
|
604 </entry> |
|
|
|
605 <entry> |
|
|
|
606 <title><![CDATA[Character and color cycling effect in C on DOS]]></title> |
|
|
|
607 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/character-and-color-cycling-effect-in-c-on-dos/"/> |
|
|
|
608 <id>https://www.cambus.net/character-and-color-cycling-effect-in-c-on-dos/</id> |
|
|
|
609 <published>2021-05-27T23:21:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
610 <updated>2021-05-27T23:21:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
611 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>As mentioned in my previous post about <a href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-and-gcc-10-on-dos/">playing with DJGPP and GCC 10 on DOS</a>, I have been redoing my small character and color cycling effect in text |
|
|
|
612 mode. The original version in JavaScript can be seen <a href="https://www.cambus.net/character-and-color-cycling-effect-in-javascript/">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
613 |
|
|
|
614 <p><img src="/content/2021/05/cycling-effect.png" alt="Cycling effect" /></p> |
|
|
|
615 |
|
|
|
616 <p>To understand why we can't access video memory directly and need to use the |
|
|
|
617 DPMI service to create a selector to access the required real-mode segment |
|
|
|
618 address, please refer to <a href="https://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/faq18_4.html">section 18.4 of the DJGPP FAQ</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
619 |
|
|
|
620 <p>The effect can be downloaded <a href="/content/2021/05/cycling.exe">here</a>. Sadly, the resulting binary is quite |
|
|
|
621 large (104K stripped!), and it requires <a href="https://sandmann.dotster.com/cwsdpmi/">CWSDPMI</a> to run.</p> |
|
|
|
622 |
|
|
|
623 <p>Here is the code:</p> |
|
|
|
624 |
|
|
|
625 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#include <conio.h> |
|
|
|
626 #include <dpmi.h> |
|
|
|
627 #include <go32.h> |
|
|
|
628 #include <pc.h> |
|
|
|
629 </span> |
|
|
|
630 <span class="kt">void</span> |
|
|
|
631 <span class="nf">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">()</span> |
|
|
|
632 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
633 <span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mh">0x3da</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="mh">0x08</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
634 <span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mh">0x3da</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="mh">0x08</span><span class="p">));</span> |
|
|
|
635 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
636 |
|
|
|
637 <span class="kt">int</span> |
|
|
|
638 <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> |
|
|
|
639 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
640 <span class="kt">short</span> <span class="n">video</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__dpmi_segment_to_descriptor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mh">0xb800</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
641 <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4000</span><span class="p">];</span> |
|
|
|
642 |
|
|
|
643 <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">character</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
644 |
|
|
|
645 <span class="cm">/* Define character and color arrays */</span> |
|
|
|
646 <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">characters</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="mh">0x5c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x7c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x2f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x2d</span> <span class="p">};</span> |
|
|
|
647 <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">colors</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="mh">0xf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0xb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0xb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0xf</span> <span class="p">};</span> |
|
|
|
648 |
|
|
|
649 <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">kbhit</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
650 <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">4000</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
651 <span class="cm">/* Write character and color data */</span> |
|
|
|
652 <span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">characters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">character</span><span class="p">];</span> |
|
|
|
653 <span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">colors</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">];</span> |
|
|
|
654 |
|
|
|
655 <span class="cm">/* Increment the color index */</span> |
|
|
|
656 <span class="n">color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">color</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">colors</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">color</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
657 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
658 |
|
|
|
659 <span class="cm">/* Increment the character index */</span> |
|
|
|
660 <span class="n">character</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">character</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">characters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">?</span> |
|
|
|
661 <span class="n">character</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
662 |
|
|
|
663 <span class="cm">/* Copy the buffer into text mode video memory */</span> |
|
|
|
664 <span class="n">movedata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_my_ds</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">video</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
665 |
|
|
|
666 <span class="cm">/* Wait for VBL */</span> |
|
|
|
667 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
|
|
668 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
|
|
669 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
|
|
670 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
|
|
671 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
|
|
672 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
673 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
674 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
675 |
|
|
|
676 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
677 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
678 <![CDATA[Oldschool demoscene effect in C on DOS: a simple character and color cycling animation]]> |
|
|
|
679 </summary> |
|
|
|
680 |
|
|
|
681 <category term="C" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/c"/> |
|
|
|
682 <category term="DOS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/dos"/> |
|
|
|
683 </entry> |
|
|
|
684 <entry> |
|
|
|
685 <title><![CDATA[Playing with DJGPP and GCC 10 on DOS]]></title> |
|
|
|
686 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-and-gcc-10-on-dos/"/> |
|
|
|
687 <id>https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-and-gcc-10-on-dos/</id> |
|
|
|
688 <published>2021-05-23T00:36:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
689 <updated>2021-05-23T00:36:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
690 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I was recently amazed to discover that <a href="https://www.delorie.com/djgpp/">DJGPP</a> was still being maintained, |
|
|
|
691 and had very recent versions of GCC and binutils available. I have not been |
|
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|
692 doing any C programming on DOS in a very long time now, so I think the timing |
|
|
|
693 is right.</p> |
|
|
|
694 |
|
|
|
695 <p>There is an installation program with an interface very similar to the good |
|
|
|
696 old <strong>Turbo Vision</strong>, which could be helpful in case one wants to install the |
|
|
|
697 full environment.</p> |
|
|
|
698 |
|
|
|
699 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2021/05/djgpp-01.png" alt="DJGPP Installer" /></p> |
|
|
|
700 |
|
|
|
701 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2021/05/djgpp-02.png" alt="DJGPP Installer" /></p> |
|
|
|
702 |
|
|
|
703 <p>I'm only interested in using the <strong>C</strong> frontend for now, so I will do a |
|
|
|
704 manual installation.</p> |
|
|
|
705 |
|
|
|
706 <p>We need the following components:</p> |
|
|
|
707 |
|
|
|
708 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>djdev205.zip B 2,509,574 2015-10-18 DJGPP development kit 2.05 |
|
|
|
709 bnu2351b.zip B 6,230,009 2021-01-16 GNU Binutils 2.35.1 binaries <span class="k">for </span>DJGPP |
|
|
|
710 gcc1030b.zip B 42,027,946 2021-04-18 GNU GCC C compiler 10.3.0 <span class="k">for </span>DJGPP V2 |
|
|
|
711 csdpmi7b.zip B 71,339 2010-01-29 CS<span class="s1">'s DPMI Provider r7 Binaries |
|
|
|
712 </span></code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
713 |
|
|
|
714 <p>The development environment can be bootstrapped as follows:</p> |
|
|
|
715 |
|
|
|
716 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">mkdir</span> <span class="nt">-p</span> ~/dos/djgpp |
|
|
|
717 <span class="nb">cd</span> ~/dos/djgpp |
|
|
|
718 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2/djdev205.zip |
|
|
|
719 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/bnu2351b.zip |
|
|
|
720 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/gcc1030b.zip |
|
|
|
721 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2misc/csdpmi7b.zip |
|
|
|
722 unzip djdev205.zip |
|
|
|
723 unzip bnu2351b.zip |
|
|
|
724 unzip gcc1030b.zip |
|
|
|
725 unzip csdpmi7b.zip |
|
|
|
726 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
727 |
|
|
|
728 <p>When using <strong>FreeDOS</strong>, we need to add the following in <em>AUTOEXEC.BAT</em>:</p> |
|
|
|
729 |
|
|
|
730 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">set </span><span class="nv">DJGPP</span><span class="o">=</span>c:<span class="se">\d</span>jgpp<span class="se">\d</span>jgpp.env |
|
|
|
731 <span class="nb">set </span><span class="nv">PATH</span><span class="o">=</span>c:<span class="se">\d</span>jgpp<span class="se">\b</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="p">;</span>%PATH% |
|
|
|
732 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
733 |
|
|
|
734 <p>Alternatively, when using <strong>DOSBox</strong> instead, we need the following in |
|
|
|
735 <em>dosbox.conf</em>:</p> |
|
|
|
736 |
|
|
|
737 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>autoexec] |
|
|
|
738 mount c ~/dos |
|
|
|
739 <span class="nv">path</span><span class="o">=</span>c:<span class="se">\d</span>jgpp<span class="se">\b</span><span class="k">in |
|
|
|
740 </span><span class="nb">set </span><span class="nv">DJGPP</span><span class="o">=</span>c:<span class="se">\d</span>jgpp<span class="se">\d</span>jgpp.env |
|
|
|
741 c: |
|
|
|
742 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
743 |
|
|
|
744 <p>Once we are done installing, this gives us GCC 10.3.0 and ld 2.35.1:</p> |
|
|
|
745 |
|
|
|
746 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>C:<span class="se">\></span>gcc <span class="nt">--version</span> |
|
|
|
747 gcc.exe <span class="o">(</span>GCC<span class="o">)</span> 10.3.0 |
|
|
|
748 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>C<span class="o">)</span> 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
|
|
|
749 This is free software<span class="p">;</span> see the <span class="nb">source </span><span class="k">for </span>copying conditions. There is NO |
|
|
|
750 warranty<span class="p">;</span> not even <span class="k">for </span>MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. |
|
|
|
751 |
|
|
|
752 C:<span class="se">\></span>ld <span class="nt">--version</span> |
|
|
|
753 GNU ld <span class="o">(</span>GNU Binutils<span class="o">)</span> 2.35.1 |
|
|
|
754 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>C<span class="o">)</span> 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
|
|
|
755 This program is free software<span class="p">;</span> you may redistribute it under the terms of |
|
|
|
756 the GNU General Public License version 3 or <span class="o">(</span>at your option<span class="o">)</span> a later version. |
|
|
|
757 This program has absolutely no warranty. |
|
|
|
758 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
759 |
|
|
|
760 <p>To verify things are working properly, let's create a simple test program:</p> |
|
|
|
761 |
|
|
|
762 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#include <stdio.h> |
|
|
|
763 </span> |
|
|
|
764 <span class="kt">int</span> |
|
|
|
765 <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> |
|
|
|
766 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
767 <span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello World!"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
768 |
|
|
|
769 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
770 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
771 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
772 |
|
|
|
773 <p>We then build and run it:</p> |
|
|
|
774 |
|
|
|
775 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>C:<span class="se">\></span>gcc hello.c <span class="nt">-o</span> hello |
|
|
|
776 |
|
|
|
777 C:<span class="se">\></span>hello |
|
|
|
778 Hello World! |
|
|
|
779 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
780 |
|
|
|
781 <p>Here is the output of running <strong>file</strong> on the executable:</p> |
|
|
|
782 |
|
|
|
783 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>HELLO.EXE: MS-DOS executable, COFF <span class="k">for </span>MS-DOS, DJGPP go32 DOS extender |
|
|
|
784 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
785 |
|
|
|
786 <p>Let's build only an object file:</p> |
|
|
|
787 |
|
|
|
788 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>C:<span class="se">\></span>gcc <span class="nt">-c</span> hello.c |
|
|
|
789 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
790 |
|
|
|
791 <p>We can run <strong>nm</strong> on it to list symbols:</p> |
|
|
|
792 |
|
|
|
793 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>C:<span class="se">\></span>nm hello.o |
|
|
|
794 00000000 b .bss |
|
|
|
795 00000000 N .comment |
|
|
|
796 00000000 d .data |
|
|
|
797 00000000 t .text |
|
|
|
798 0000000d T _main |
|
|
|
799 U _puts |
|
|
|
800 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
801 |
|
|
|
802 <p>And run <strong>objdump</strong> to display its content:</p> |
|
|
|
803 |
|
|
|
804 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>C:<span class="se">\></span>objdump <span class="nt">-s</span> hello.o |
|
|
|
805 |
|
|
|
806 HELLO.o: file format coff-go32 |
|
|
|
807 |
|
|
|
808 Contents of section .text: |
|
|
|
809 0000 48656c6c 6f20576f 726c6421 008d4c24 Hello World!..L<span class="err">$</span> |
|
|
|
810 0010 0483e4f0 ff71fc55 89e55183 ec0483ec .....q.U..Q..... |
|
|
|
811 0020 0c680000 0000e8d5 ffffff83 c410b800 .h.............. |
|
|
|
812 0030 0000008b 4dfc89ec 5d8d61fc c3909090 ....M...].a..... |
|
|
|
813 Contents of section .comment: |
|
|
|
814 0000 4743433a 2028474e 55292031 302e332e GCC: <span class="o">(</span>GNU<span class="o">)</span> 10.3. |
|
|
|
815 0010 30000000 0... |
|
|
|
816 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
817 |
|
|
|
818 <p>We can also use <strong>objdump</strong> to disassemble the object file:</p> |
|
|
|
819 |
|
|
|
820 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>C:<span class="se">\></span>objdump <span class="nt">-d</span> hello.o |
|
|
|
821 |
|
|
|
822 HELLO.o: file format coff-go32 |
|
|
|
823 |
|
|
|
824 Disassembly of section .text: |
|
|
|
825 |
|
|
|
826 00000000 <.text>: |
|
|
|
827 0: 48 dec %eax |
|
|
|
828 1: 65 6c gs insb <span class="o">(</span>%dx<span class="o">)</span>,%es:<span class="o">(</span>%edi<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
829 3: 6c insb <span class="o">(</span>%dx<span class="o">)</span>,%es:<span class="o">(</span>%edi<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
830 4: 6f outsl %ds:<span class="o">(</span>%esi<span class="o">)</span>,<span class="o">(</span>%dx<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
831 5: 20 57 6f and %dl,0x6f<span class="o">(</span>%edi<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
832 8: 72 6c jb 76 <_main+0x69> |
|
|
|
833 a: 64 21 00 and %eax,%fs:<span class="o">(</span>%eax<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
834 |
|
|
|
835 0000000d <_main>: |
|
|
|
836 d: 8d 4c 24 04 lea 0x4<span class="o">(</span>%esp<span class="o">)</span>,%ecx |
|
|
|
837 11: 83 e4 f0 and <span class="nv">$0xfffffff0</span>,%esp |
|
|
|
838 14: ff 71 <span class="nb">fc </span>pushl <span class="nt">-0x4</span><span class="o">(</span>%ecx<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
839 17: 55 push %ebp |
|
|
|
840 18: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp |
|
|
|
841 1a: 51 push %ecx |
|
|
|
842 1b: 83 ec 04 sub <span class="nv">$0x4</span>,%esp |
|
|
|
843 1e: 83 ec 0c sub <span class="nv">$0xc</span>,%esp |
|
|
|
844 21: 68 00 00 00 00 push <span class="nv">$0x0</span> |
|
|
|
845 26: e8 d5 ff ff ff call 0 <.text> |
|
|
|
846 2b: 83 c4 10 add <span class="nv">$0x10</span>,%esp |
|
|
|
847 2e: b8 00 00 00 00 mov <span class="nv">$0x0</span>,%eax |
|
|
|
848 33: 8b 4d <span class="nb">fc </span>mov <span class="nt">-0x4</span><span class="o">(</span>%ebp<span class="o">)</span>,%ecx |
|
|
|
849 36: 89 ec mov %ebp,%esp |
|
|
|
850 38: 5d pop %ebp |
|
|
|
851 39: 8d 61 <span class="nb">fc </span>lea <span class="nt">-0x4</span><span class="o">(</span>%ecx<span class="o">)</span>,%esp |
|
|
|
852 3c: c3 ret |
|
|
|
853 3d: 90 nop |
|
|
|
854 3e: 90 nop |
|
|
|
855 3f: 90 nop |
|
|
|
856 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
857 |
|
|
|
858 <p>Besides the C frontend, the <strong>Ada</strong>, <strong>C++</strong>, <strong>Fortran</strong>, <strong>Objective C</strong>, |
|
|
|
859 and <strong>Pascal</strong> frontends are also available. While I used DOSBox to test the |
|
|
|
860 development environment and prepare this article, I've since moved to FreeDOS |
|
|
|
861 which I'm running natively on my ASUS Eee PC. I'm currently having a lot of |
|
|
|
862 fun redoing some small character and color cycling effects in text mode.</p> |
|
|
|
863 |
|
|
|
864 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
865 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
866 <![CDATA[How to install a C developement environment on DOS with DJGPP and GCC 10]]> |
|
|
|
867 </summary> |
|
|
|
868 |
|
|
|
869 <category term="DOS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/dos"/> |
|
|
|
870 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
|
|
|
871 </entry> |
|
|
|
872 <entry> |
|
|
|
873 <title><![CDATA[The state of toolchains in OpenBSD]]></title> |
|
|
|
874 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-openbsd/"/> |
|
|
|
875 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-openbsd/</id> |
|
|
|
876 <published>2021-05-19T12:08:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
877 <updated>2021-05-19T12:08:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
878 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>For most of the 2010s, the OpenBSD base system has been stuck with GCC 4.2.1. |
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|
|
879 It was <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.2/">released</a> in July 2007, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/19ddffda9825e103cd4b730bf9bf733085d07375d0aa8aab757fcf7639d825cf">imported</a> into the OpenBSD source tree |
|
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|
880 in October 2009, and became the default compiler on the amd64, i386, hppa, |
|
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|
881 sparc64, socppc and macppc platforms in <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/48.html">OpenBSD 4.8</a>, released in November |
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|
|
882 2010. As specified in the commit message during import, this is the last |
|
|
|
883 version released under the GPLv2 license.</p> |
|
|
|
884 |
|
|
|
885 <p>OpenBSD was not the only operating system sticking to GCC 4.2.1 for licensing |
|
|
|
886 reasons, FreeBSD did the same, and Mac OS X as well.</p> |
|
|
|
887 |
|
|
|
888 <p>As a general rule, and this is not OpenBSD specific, being stuck with old |
|
|
|
889 compilers is problematic for several reasons:</p> |
|
|
|
890 |
|
|
|
891 <ul> |
|
|
|
892 <li>The main reason has to be <strong>newer C and C++ standards support</strong>. While the |
|
|
|
893 C standards committee is conservative and the language evolves slowly, the |
|
|
|
894 pace at which new C++ standards appear has been accelerating, with a new |
|
|
|
895 version emerging every 3 years.</li> |
|
|
|
896 <li>Another major reason is <strong>new architectures support</strong>. Not only new ISAs |
|
|
|
897 like ARMv8 and RISC-V, but also x86-64 microarchitecture updates.</li> |
|
|
|
898 <li>They are not getting <strong>bugfixes</strong>, nor new optimizations or advances in |
|
|
|
899 diagnostic (better warnings) and security features.</li> |
|
|
|
900 </ul> |
|
|
|
901 |
|
|
|
902 <p>The latest point has been partially mitigated on OpenBSD, as several developers |
|
|
|
903 have worked on fixing OpenBSD related issues and backporting fixes, as |
|
|
|
904 detailed in Miod's excellent "<a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=137530560232232&w=2">Compilers in OpenBSD</a>" post from 2013.</p> |
|
|
|
905 |
|
|
|
906 <p>Regarding new architectures support, the more astute reader will know that |
|
|
|
907 all OpenBSD supported platforms are self-hosted and releases must be built |
|
|
|
908 using the base system compiler on real hardware. No cross-compilation, no |
|
|
|
909 emulators. The ARMv8 architecture was announced in 2011, a few years after |
|
|
|
910 GCC 4.2.1 was released. By the year 2016, 64-bit ARMv8 devices were getting |
|
|
|
911 widely available and more affordable. During the g2k16 hackathon, the |
|
|
|
912 Castle Inn pub had become a favorite meet-up point among OpenBSD developers, |
|
|
|
913 and the topic came up at one of the evening gatherings. I happened to be |
|
|
|
914 sitting nearby when patrick@ discussed with deraadt@ about the possibility |
|
|
|
915 of importing LLVM to make a future <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/arm64.html">OpenBSD/arm64</a> porting effort possible, |
|
|
|
916 and Theo said that there was nothing blocking it. The next day, pascal@ |
|
|
|
917 mentioned he already had some Makefiles to replace the LLVM build system, |
|
|
|
918 and when someone then asked how long it would take to put them in shape for |
|
|
|
919 import, he said he didn't know, then smiled and said: "Let's find out! :-)". |
|
|
|
920 Before the end of the hackathon, he imported <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20160904232020">LLVM 3.8.1 along with Clang</a>. |
|
|
|
921 Patrick's <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20160915232310">g2k16 hackathon report</a> retraces the events and gives more |
|
|
|
922 technical details.</p> |
|
|
|
923 |
|
|
|
924 <p>OpenBSD/arm64 became the first platform to use Clang as base system compiler |
|
|
|
925 and LLD as the default linker. Clang then became the <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20170727055820">default compiler on amd64 |
|
|
|
926 and i386</a> in July 2017, on <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/JmZz5xo7HtfbQVnr">armv7</a> in January 2018, on <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/hiNW53dlIfQjhCxg">octeon</a> in |
|
|
|
927 July 2019, on <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/VtKIfyX8XOXgGRfR">powerpc</a> in April 2020, and finally on <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/dq6PbcfNzGraX0Li">loongson</a> in |
|
|
|
928 December 2020.</p> |
|
|
|
929 |
|
|
|
930 <p>LLVM was updated regularly along the way up to the 8.0.1 version, which |
|
|
|
931 was the latest version released under the NCSA license. From then all later |
|
|
|
932 LLVM versions have been released under the Apache 2.0 license, which couldn't |
|
|
|
933 be included in OpenBSD. The project's <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/policy.html">copyright policy</a> page details |
|
|
|
934 OpenBSD's stance on the license, and Mark Kettenis <a href="https://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2017-April/112300.html">objection</a> on the |
|
|
|
935 llvm-dev mailing list gives more background information.</p> |
|
|
|
936 |
|
|
|
937 <p>While staying with LLVM 8.0.1 would not have been an immediate problem for |
|
|
|
938 the OpenBSD kernel and the base system userland which uses C99, the project also |
|
|
|
939 includes 3rd party C++ codebases for parts of the graphics stack and of course |
|
|
|
940 LLVM itself. Jonathan Gray <a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=159514079929237&w=2">hinted</a> at the problem on the openbsd-misc |
|
|
|
941 mailing list, mentioning that not updating was becoming increasingly painful. |
|
|
|
942 The effect which can be observed in the 3rd party software ecosystem |
|
|
|
943 regarding newer C and C++ standards is that while C99 is still reigning |
|
|
|
944 supreme in C codebases, C++ codebases maintainers have been eager to adopt |
|
|
|
945 new C++ standards (and for good reasons). The recent RFC on cfe-dev about |
|
|
|
946 <a href="https://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/cfe-dev/2021-April/068058.html">bumping toolchain requirements for LLVM</a> to Clang 6.0 (released in March |
|
|
|
947 2018) proves that LLVM is no exception. A compromise was thus inevitable, |
|
|
|
948 and <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20200806001449">LLVM 10.0.0 was imported</a> into -current in August 2020.</p> |
|
|
|
949 |
|
|
|
950 <p>At the time the OpenBSD 6.9 branch was created, the CVS tree contained |
|
|
|
951 LLVM 10.0.1, GCC 4.2.1, and GCC 3.3.6. However, it's important to understand |
|
|
|
952 that not all compilers are built on all platforms:</p> |
|
|
|
953 |
|
|
|
954 <ul> |
|
|
|
955 <li><strong>Clang is the default compiler</strong> on amd64, arm64, armv7, i386, loongson, |
|
|
|
956 macppc, octeon, powerpc64, and riscv64.</li> |
|
|
|
957 <li>GCC 4.2.1 is still the default compiler on alpha, hppa, landisk, and sparc64.</li> |
|
|
|
958 <li>OpenBSD/luna88k is the only platform still using GCC 3.3.6, as <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/legacy-ml/gcc-help/2005-12/msg00103.html">m88k support |
|
|
|
959 was removed in GCC 3.4</a>.</li> |
|
|
|
960 </ul> |
|
|
|
961 |
|
|
|
962 <p>Following the OpenBSD 6.9 release, OpenBSD-current has been updated to |
|
|
|
963 LLVM 11.1.0 and GCC 4.2.1 is <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/wqgeXdfygt81WqdD">not built anymore on amd64</a>. GCC 8.4.0 |
|
|
|
964 (released in March 2020) is available in the ports collection.</p> |
|
|
|
965 |
|
|
|
966 <p>Among the remaining platforms still using GCC 4.2.1 as the default compiler, |
|
|
|
967 only sparc64 will be able to switch in the future. LLVM has a Sparc V9 backend |
|
|
|
968 and work has been done in OpenBSD to make the switch possible. For all the |
|
|
|
969 other remaining ones, there are no alpha, hppa, sh4, nor m88k backends in LLVM, |
|
|
|
970 and even if this changed in the future, the hardware is too slow to be able to |
|
|
|
971 self-host the compiler.</p> |
|
|
|
972 |
|
|
|
973 <p>Regarding linkers, <strong>LLD is the default linker</strong> on amd64, arm64, armv7, i386, |
|
|
|
974 powerpc64, and riscv64. All other platforms still use GNU ld from binutils |
|
|
|
975 2.17. Realistically, it should be possible to switch to LLD in the future |
|
|
|
976 on the following platforms: loongson, macppc, octeon, and sparc64.</p> |
|
|
|
977 |
|
|
|
978 <p>At this point, all relevant architectures have modern and up-to-date |
|
|
|
979 toolchains, and we can look ahead in confidence on that front.</p> |
|
|
|
980 |
|
|
|
981 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
982 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
983 <![CDATA[The current state of LLVM and GNU toolchains in the OpenBSD project]]> |
|
|
|
984 </summary> |
|
|
|
985 |
|
|
|
986 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
987 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
|
|
|
988 </entry> |
|
|
|
989 <entry> |
|
|
|
990 <title><![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 2 minutes on ARM]]></title> |
|
|
|
991 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-2-minutes-on-arm/"/> |
|
|
|
992 <id>https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-2-minutes-on-arm/</id> |
|
|
|
993 <published>2021-05-12T23:09:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
994 <updated>2021-05-12T23:09:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
995 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This post is the AArch64 counterpart of my "<a href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-5-minutes/">Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 5 |
|
|
|
996 minutes</a>" article.</p> |
|
|
|
997 |
|
|
|
998 <p>After publishing and sharing the previous post URL with some friends on IRC, |
|
|
|
999 I was asked if I wanted to try doing the same on a 160 cores ARM machine. |
|
|
|
1000 Finding out what my answer was is left as an exercise to the reader :-)</p> |
|
|
|
1001 |
|
|
|
1002 <p>The system I'm using for this experiment is a BM.Standard.A1.160 bare-metal |
|
|
|
1003 machine from Oracle Cloud, which has a dual-socket motherboard with two 80 |
|
|
|
1004 cores <strong>Ampere Altra CPUs</strong>, for a total <strong>160 cores</strong>, and <strong>1024 GB of |
|
|
|
1005 RAM</strong>. This is to the best of my knowledge the fastest AArch64 server |
|
|
|
1006 machine available at this time.</p> |
|
|
|
1007 |
|
|
|
1008 <p>The system is running Oracle Linux Server 8.3 with up-to-date packages |
|
|
|
1009 and kernel.</p> |
|
|
|
1010 |
|
|
|
1011 <p>The full result of <em>cat /proc/cpuinfo</em> is available <a href="/content/2021/05/oracle-cloud-bm-standard-a1-160-proc-cpuinfo.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
1012 |
|
|
|
1013 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">uname</span> <span class="nt">-a</span> |
|
|
|
1014 Linux benchmarks 5.4.17-2102.201.3.el8uek.aarch64 <span class="c">#2 SMP Fri Apr 23 09:42:46 PDT 2021 aarch64 aarch64 aarch64 GNU/Linux</span> |
|
|
|
1015 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1016 |
|
|
|
1017 <p>Let's start by installing required packages:</p> |
|
|
|
1018 |
|
|
|
1019 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>dnf <span class="k">in </span>clang git lld |
|
|
|
1020 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1021 |
|
|
|
1022 <p>Unfortunately the CMake version available in the packages repository (3.11.4) |
|
|
|
1023 is too old to build the main branch of the LLVM Git repository, and Ninja is |
|
|
|
1024 not available either.</p> |
|
|
|
1025 |
|
|
|
1026 <p>Let's bootstrap <a href="https://pkgsrc.org">Pkgsrc</a> to build and install them:</p> |
|
|
|
1027 |
|
|
|
1028 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>git clone https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc.git |
|
|
|
1029 <span class="nb">cd </span>pkgsrc/bootstrap |
|
|
|
1030 ./bootstrap <span class="nt">--make-jobs</span><span class="o">=</span>160 <span class="nt">--unprivileged</span> |
|
|
|
1031 |
|
|
|
1032 <span class="o">===></span> bootstrap started: Wed May 12 12:23:34 GMT 2021 |
|
|
|
1033 <span class="o">===></span> bootstrap ended: Wed May 12 12:26:08 GMT 2021 |
|
|
|
1034 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1035 |
|
|
|
1036 <p>We then need to add <em>~pkg/bin</em> and <em>~pkg/sbin</em> to the path:</p> |
|
|
|
1037 |
|
|
|
1038 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">PATH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$PATH</span>:<span class="nv">$HOME</span>/pkg/bin:<span class="nv">$HOME</span>/pkg/sbin |
|
|
|
1039 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1040 |
|
|
|
1041 <p>For faster Pkgsrc builds, we can edit <em>~/pkg/etc/mk.conf</em> and add:</p> |
|
|
|
1042 |
|
|
|
1043 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">MAKE_JOBS</span><span class="o">=</span> 160 |
|
|
|
1044 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1045 |
|
|
|
1046 <p>Let's build and install CMake and Ninja:</p> |
|
|
|
1047 |
|
|
|
1048 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">cd</span> ~/pkgsrc/devel/cmake |
|
|
|
1049 bmake <span class="nb">install </span>package clean clean-depends |
|
|
|
1050 |
|
|
|
1051 <span class="nb">cd</span> ~/pkgsrc/devel/ninja-build |
|
|
|
1052 bmake <span class="nb">install </span>package clean clean-depends |
|
|
|
1053 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1054 |
|
|
|
1055 <p>The compiler used for the builds is Clang 10.0.1:</p> |
|
|
|
1056 |
|
|
|
1057 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>clang <span class="nt">--version</span> |
|
|
|
1058 clang version 10.0.1 <span class="o">(</span>Red Hat 10.0.1-1.0.1.module+el8.3.0+7827+89335dbf<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1059 Target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu |
|
|
|
1060 Thread model: posix |
|
|
|
1061 InstalledDir: /bin |
|
|
|
1062 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1063 |
|
|
|
1064 <p>Regarding linkers, we are using GNU ld and GNU Gold from binutils 2.30, |
|
|
|
1065 and LLD 10.0.1.</p> |
|
|
|
1066 |
|
|
|
1067 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>GNU ld version 2.30-79.0.1.el8 |
|
|
|
1068 GNU gold <span class="o">(</span>version 2.30-79.0.1.el8<span class="o">)</span> 1.15 |
|
|
|
1069 LLD 10.0.1 <span class="o">(</span>compatible with GNU linkers<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1070 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1071 |
|
|
|
1072 <p>For all the following runs, I'm building from the Git repository main branch |
|
|
|
1073 commit <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/cf4610d27bbb5c3a744374440e2fdf77caa12040">cf4610d27bbb5c3a744374440e2fdf77caa12040</a>. The build directory is |
|
|
|
1074 of course fully erased between each run.</p> |
|
|
|
1075 |
|
|
|
1076 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>commit cf4610d27bbb5c3a744374440e2fdf77caa12040 |
|
|
|
1077 Author: Victor Huang <wei.huang@ibm.com> |
|
|
|
1078 Date: Wed May 12 10:56:54 2021 <span class="nt">-0500</span> |
|
|
|
1079 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1080 |
|
|
|
1081 <p>I'm not sure what the underlying storage is, but with 1 TB of RAM there |
|
|
|
1082 is no reason not to use a ramdisk.</p> |
|
|
|
1083 |
|
|
|
1084 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">mkdir</span> /mnt/ramdisk |
|
|
|
1085 mount <span class="nt">-t</span> tmpfs <span class="nt">-o</span> <span class="nv">size</span><span class="o">=</span>32g tmpfs /mnt/ramdisk |
|
|
|
1086 <span class="nb">cd</span> /mnt/ramdisk |
|
|
|
1087 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1088 |
|
|
|
1089 <p>To get a baseline, let's do a full release build on this machine:</p> |
|
|
|
1090 |
|
|
|
1091 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">cd </span>llvm-project |
|
|
|
1092 <span class="nb">mkdir </span>build |
|
|
|
1093 <span class="nb">cd </span>build |
|
|
|
1094 |
|
|
|
1095 cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1096 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1097 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1098 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1099 ../llvm |
|
|
|
1100 |
|
|
|
1101 <span class="nb">time </span>make <span class="nt">-j160</span> |
|
|
|
1102 real 7m3.226s |
|
|
|
1103 user 403m28.362s |
|
|
|
1104 sys 6m41.331s |
|
|
|
1105 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1106 |
|
|
|
1107 <p>By default, CMake generates Makefiles. As documented in the "<a href="https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html">Getting Started |
|
|
|
1108 with the LLVM System</a>" tutorial, most LLVM developers use Ninja.</p> |
|
|
|
1109 |
|
|
|
1110 <p>Let's switch to generating Ninja build files, and using ninja to build:</p> |
|
|
|
1111 |
|
|
|
1112 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1113 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1114 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1115 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1116 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1117 |
|
|
|
1118 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1119 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-test |
|
|
|
1120 |
|
|
|
1121 real 4m20.403s |
|
|
|
1122 user 427m27.118s |
|
|
|
1123 sys 7m2.320s |
|
|
|
1124 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1125 |
|
|
|
1126 <p><img src="/content/2021/05/llvm-clang-htop-arm.png" alt="htop" /></p> |
|
|
|
1127 |
|
|
|
1128 <p>By default, GNU ld is used for linking. Let's switch to using gold:</p> |
|
|
|
1129 |
|
|
|
1130 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1131 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1132 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1133 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1134 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>gold <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1135 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1136 |
|
|
|
1137 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1138 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-test |
|
|
|
1139 |
|
|
|
1140 real 4m1.062s |
|
|
|
1141 user 427m1.648s |
|
|
|
1142 sys 6m58.282s |
|
|
|
1143 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1144 |
|
|
|
1145 <p>LLD has been a viable option for some years now. Let's use it:</p> |
|
|
|
1146 |
|
|
|
1147 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1148 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1149 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1150 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1151 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1152 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1153 |
|
|
|
1154 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1155 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Linking CXX executable bin/clang-scan-deps |
|
|
|
1156 |
|
|
|
1157 real 3m58.476s |
|
|
|
1158 user 428m3.807s |
|
|
|
1159 sys 7m14.418s |
|
|
|
1160 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1161 |
|
|
|
1162 <p>Using GNU gold instead of GNU ld results in noticeably faster builds, and |
|
|
|
1163 switching to LLD shaves a few mores seconds from the build.</p> |
|
|
|
1164 |
|
|
|
1165 <p>If we want to build faster, we can make some compromises and start stripping |
|
|
|
1166 the build by removing some components.</p> |
|
|
|
1167 |
|
|
|
1168 <p>Let's start by disabling additional architecture support:</p> |
|
|
|
1169 |
|
|
|
1170 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1171 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1172 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1173 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1174 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1175 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"AArch64"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1176 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1177 |
|
|
|
1178 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1179 <span class="o">[</span>3195/3195] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-test |
|
|
|
1180 |
|
|
|
1181 real 3m10.312s |
|
|
|
1182 user 326m54.898s |
|
|
|
1183 sys 5m24.770s |
|
|
|
1184 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1185 |
|
|
|
1186 <p>We can verify the resulting Clang binary only supports AArch64 targets:</p> |
|
|
|
1187 |
|
|
|
1188 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>bin/clang <span class="nt">--print-targets</span> |
|
|
|
1189 Registered Targets: |
|
|
|
1190 aarch64 - AArch64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1191 aarch64_32 - AArch64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian ILP32<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1192 aarch64_be - AArch64 <span class="o">(</span>big endian<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1193 arm64 - ARM64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1194 arm64_32 - ARM64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian ILP32<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1195 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1196 |
|
|
|
1197 <p>Let's go further and disable the static analyzer and the ARC Migration Tool:</p> |
|
|
|
1198 |
|
|
|
1199 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1200 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1201 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1202 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1203 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1204 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"AArch64"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1205 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1206 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1207 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1208 |
|
|
|
1209 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1210 <span class="o">[</span>3146/3146] Creating library symlink lib/libclang-cpp.so |
|
|
|
1211 |
|
|
|
1212 real 3m6.474s |
|
|
|
1213 user 319m25.914s |
|
|
|
1214 sys 5m20.924s |
|
|
|
1215 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1216 |
|
|
|
1217 <p>Let's disable building some LLVM tools and utils:</p> |
|
|
|
1218 |
|
|
|
1219 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1220 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1221 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1222 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1223 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1224 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"AArch64"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1225 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1226 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1227 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1228 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1229 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1230 |
|
|
|
1231 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1232 <span class="o">[</span>2879/2879] Creating library symlink lib/libclang-cpp.so |
|
|
|
1233 |
|
|
|
1234 real 2m59.659s |
|
|
|
1235 user 298m47.482s |
|
|
|
1236 sys 4m57.430s |
|
|
|
1237 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1238 |
|
|
|
1239 <p>Compared to the previous build, the following binaries were not built: |
|
|
|
1240 <em>FileCheck</em>, <em>count</em>, <em>lli-child-target</em>, <em>llvm-jitlink-executor</em>, |
|
|
|
1241 <em>llvm-PerfectShuffle</em>, <em>not</em>, <em>obj2yaml</em>, <em>yaml2obj</em>, and <em>yaml-bench</em>.</p> |
|
|
|
1242 |
|
|
|
1243 <p>We are reaching the end of our journey here. At this point, we are done |
|
|
|
1244 stripping out things.</p> |
|
|
|
1245 |
|
|
|
1246 <p>Let's disable optimizations and do a last run:</p> |
|
|
|
1247 |
|
|
|
1248 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1249 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1250 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1251 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1252 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1253 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"AArch64"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1254 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1255 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1256 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1257 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1258 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-O0"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1259 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1260 |
|
|
|
1261 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1262 <span class="o">[</span>2879/2879] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-test |
|
|
|
1263 |
|
|
|
1264 real 2m37.003s |
|
|
|
1265 user 231m53.133s |
|
|
|
1266 sys 4m56.675s |
|
|
|
1267 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1268 |
|
|
|
1269 <p>So this is it, this machine can build a full LLVM/Clang release build in |
|
|
|
1270 a bit less than four minutes, and a stripped down build with optimizations |
|
|
|
1271 disabled in two minutes. Two minutes. This is absolutely mind-blowing… |
|
|
|
1272 The future is now!</p> |
|
|
|
1273 |
|
|
|
1274 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
1275 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
1276 <![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 2 minutes on a 160 cores ARM server]]> |
|
|
|
1277 </summary> |
|
|
|
1278 |
|
|
|
1279 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
|
|
|
1280 </entry> |
|
|
|
1281 <entry> |
|
|
|
1282 <title><![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 5 minutes]]></title> |
|
|
|
1283 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-5-minutes/"/> |
|
|
|
1284 <id>https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-5-minutes/</id> |
|
|
|
1285 <published>2021-05-11T21:21:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
1286 <updated>2021-05-11T21:21:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
1287 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This post is a spiritual successor to my "<a href="https://www.cambus.net/building-llvm-on-openbsd-loongson/">Building LLVM on OpenBSD/loongson</a>" article, in which I retraced my attempts to build LLVM 3.7.1 on |
|
|
|
1288 <strong>MIPS64</strong> in a RAM constrained environment.</p> |
|
|
|
1289 |
|
|
|
1290 <p>After reading the excellent "<a href="https://www.npopov.com/2020/05/10/Make-LLVM-fast-again.html">Make LLVM fast again</a>", I wanted to revisit |
|
|
|
1291 the topic, and see how fast I could build a recent version of <strong>LLVM</strong> and |
|
|
|
1292 <strong>Clang</strong> on modern x86 server hardware.</p> |
|
|
|
1293 |
|
|
|
1294 <p>The system I'm using for this experiment is a CCX62 instance from Hetzner, |
|
|
|
1295 which has <strong>48 dedicated vCPUs</strong> and <strong>192 GB of RAM</strong>. This is the fastest |
|
|
|
1296 machine available in their cloud offering at the moment.</p> |
|
|
|
1297 |
|
|
|
1298 <p>The system is running Fedora 34 with up-to-date packages and kernel.</p> |
|
|
|
1299 |
|
|
|
1300 <p>The full result of <em>cat /proc/cpuinfo</em> is available <a href="/content/2021/05/hetzner-ccx62-proc-cpuinfo.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
1301 |
|
|
|
1302 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">uname</span> <span class="nt">-a</span> |
|
|
|
1303 Linux benchmarks 5.11.18-300.fc34.x86_64 <span class="c">#1 SMP Mon May 3 15:10:32 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux</span> |
|
|
|
1304 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1305 |
|
|
|
1306 <p>Let's start by installing required packages:</p> |
|
|
|
1307 |
|
|
|
1308 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>dnf <span class="k">in </span>clang cmake git lld ninja-build |
|
|
|
1309 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1310 |
|
|
|
1311 <p>The compiler used for the builds is Clang 12.0.0:</p> |
|
|
|
1312 |
|
|
|
1313 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>clang <span class="nt">--version</span> |
|
|
|
1314 clang version 12.0.0 <span class="o">(</span>Fedora 12.0.0-0.3.rc1.fc34<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1315 Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu |
|
|
|
1316 Thread model: posix |
|
|
|
1317 InstalledDir: /usr/bin |
|
|
|
1318 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1319 |
|
|
|
1320 <p>Regarding linkers, we are using GNU ld and GNU Gold from binutils 2.35.1, |
|
|
|
1321 and LLD 12.0.0.</p> |
|
|
|
1322 |
|
|
|
1323 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>GNU ld version 2.35.1-41.fc34 |
|
|
|
1324 GNU gold <span class="o">(</span>version 2.35.1-41.fc34<span class="o">)</span> 1.16 |
|
|
|
1325 LLD 12.0.0 <span class="o">(</span>compatible with GNU linkers<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1326 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1327 |
|
|
|
1328 <p>For all the following runs, I'm building from the Git repository main branch |
|
|
|
1329 commit <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/831cf15ca6892e2044447f8dc516d76b8a827f1e">831cf15ca6892e2044447f8dc516d76b8a827f1e</a>. The build directory is |
|
|
|
1330 of course fully erased between each run.</p> |
|
|
|
1331 |
|
|
|
1332 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>commit 831cf15ca6892e2044447f8dc516d76b8a827f1e |
|
|
|
1333 Author: David Spickett <david.spickett@linaro.org> |
|
|
|
1334 Date: Wed May 5 11:49:35 2021 +0100 |
|
|
|
1335 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1336 |
|
|
|
1337 <p>To get a baseline, let's do a full release build on this machine:</p> |
|
|
|
1338 |
|
|
|
1339 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">cd </span>llvm-project |
|
|
|
1340 <span class="nb">mkdir </span>build |
|
|
|
1341 <span class="nb">cd </span>build |
|
|
|
1342 |
|
|
|
1343 cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1344 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1345 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1346 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1347 ../llvm |
|
|
|
1348 |
|
|
|
1349 <span class="nb">time </span>make <span class="nt">-j48</span> |
|
|
|
1350 real 11m19.852s |
|
|
|
1351 user 436m30.619s |
|
|
|
1352 sys 12m5.724s |
|
|
|
1353 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1354 |
|
|
|
1355 <p>By default, CMake generates Makefiles. As documented in the "<a href="https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html">Getting Started |
|
|
|
1356 with the LLVM System</a>" tutorial, most LLVM developers use Ninja.</p> |
|
|
|
1357 |
|
|
|
1358 <p>Let's switch to generating Ninja build files, and using ninja to build:</p> |
|
|
|
1359 |
|
|
|
1360 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1361 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1362 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1363 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1364 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1365 |
|
|
|
1366 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1367 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
|
|
1368 |
|
|
|
1369 real 10m13.755s |
|
|
|
1370 user 452m16.034s |
|
|
|
1371 sys 12m7.584s |
|
|
|
1372 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1373 |
|
|
|
1374 <p><img src="/content/2021/05/llvm-clang-htop.png" alt="htop" /></p> |
|
|
|
1375 |
|
|
|
1376 <p>By default, GNU ld is used for linking. Let's switch to using gold:</p> |
|
|
|
1377 |
|
|
|
1378 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1379 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1380 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1381 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1382 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>gold <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1383 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1384 |
|
|
|
1385 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1386 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
|
|
1387 |
|
|
|
1388 real 10m13.405s |
|
|
|
1389 user 451m35.029s |
|
|
|
1390 sys 11m57.649s |
|
|
|
1391 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1392 |
|
|
|
1393 <p>LLD has been a viable option for some years now. Let's use it:</p> |
|
|
|
1394 |
|
|
|
1395 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1396 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1397 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1398 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1399 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1400 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1401 |
|
|
|
1402 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1403 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
|
|
1404 |
|
|
|
1405 real 10m12.710s |
|
|
|
1406 user 451m12.444s |
|
|
|
1407 sys 12m12.634s |
|
|
|
1408 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1409 |
|
|
|
1410 <p>During tests on smaller build machines, I had observed that using GNU gold |
|
|
|
1411 or LLD instead of GNU ld resulted in noticeably faster builds. This doesn't |
|
|
|
1412 seem to be the case on this machine. We end up with a slightly faster build |
|
|
|
1413 by using LLD, but not by a large margin at all.</p> |
|
|
|
1414 |
|
|
|
1415 <p>If we want to build faster, we can make some compromises and start stripping |
|
|
|
1416 the build by removing some components.</p> |
|
|
|
1417 |
|
|
|
1418 <p>Let's start by disabling additional architecture support:</p> |
|
|
|
1419 |
|
|
|
1420 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1421 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1422 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1423 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1424 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1425 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"X86"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1426 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1427 |
|
|
|
1428 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1429 <span class="o">[</span>3196/3196] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
|
|
1430 |
|
|
|
1431 real 7m55.531s |
|
|
|
1432 user 344m56.462s |
|
|
|
1433 sys 8m53.970s |
|
|
|
1434 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1435 |
|
|
|
1436 <p>We can verify the resulting Clang binary only supports x86 targets:</p> |
|
|
|
1437 |
|
|
|
1438 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>bin/clang <span class="nt">--print-targets</span> |
|
|
|
1439 Registered Targets: |
|
|
|
1440 x86 - 32-bit X86: Pentium-Pro and above |
|
|
|
1441 x86-64 - 64-bit X86: EM64T and AMD64 |
|
|
|
1442 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1443 |
|
|
|
1444 <p>Let's go further and disable the static analyzer and the ARC Migration Tool:</p> |
|
|
|
1445 |
|
|
|
1446 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1447 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1448 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1449 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1450 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1451 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"X86"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1452 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1453 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1454 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1455 |
|
|
|
1456 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1457 <span class="o">[</span>3147/3147] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
|
|
1458 |
|
|
|
1459 real 7m42.299s |
|
|
|
1460 user 334m47.916s |
|
|
|
1461 sys 8m44.704s |
|
|
|
1462 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1463 |
|
|
|
1464 <p>Let's disable building some LLVM tools and utils:</p> |
|
|
|
1465 |
|
|
|
1466 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1467 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1468 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1469 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1470 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1471 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"X86"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1472 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1473 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1474 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1475 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1476 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1477 |
|
|
|
1478 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1479 <span class="o">[</span>2880/2880] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
|
|
1480 |
|
|
|
1481 real 7m21.016s |
|
|
|
1482 user 315m42.127s |
|
|
|
1483 sys 8m9.377s |
|
|
|
1484 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1485 |
|
|
|
1486 <p>Compared to the previous build, the following binaries were not built: |
|
|
|
1487 <em>FileCheck</em>, <em>count</em>, <em>lli-child-target</em>, <em>llvm-jitlink-executor</em>, |
|
|
|
1488 <em>llvm-PerfectShuffle</em>, <em>not</em>, <em>obj2yaml</em>, <em>yaml2obj</em>, and <em>yaml-bench</em>.</p> |
|
|
|
1489 |
|
|
|
1490 <p>We are reaching the end of our journey here. At this point, we are done |
|
|
|
1491 stripping out things.</p> |
|
|
|
1492 |
|
|
|
1493 <p>Let's disable optimizations and do a last run:</p> |
|
|
|
1494 |
|
|
|
1495 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1496 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</span>clang++ <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1497 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</span>Release <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1498 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=</span>clang <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1499 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span>lld <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1500 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"X86"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1501 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1502 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1503 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1504 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</span>OFF <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1505 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-O0"</span> <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
1506 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
|
|
1507 |
|
|
|
1508 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
|
|
1509 <span class="o">[</span>2880/2880] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-test |
|
|
|
1510 |
|
|
|
1511 real 5m37.225s |
|
|
|
1512 user 253m18.515s |
|
|
|
1513 sys 9m2.413s |
|
|
|
1514 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1515 |
|
|
|
1516 <p>That's it. Five minutes. Don't try this at home :-)</p> |
|
|
|
1517 |
|
|
|
1518 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
1519 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
1520 <![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 5 minutes on a 48 vCPUs machine using Ninja and LLD]]> |
|
|
|
1521 </summary> |
|
|
|
1522 |
|
|
|
1523 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
|
|
|
1524 </entry> |
|
|
|
1525 <entry> |
|
|
|
1526 <title><![CDATA[The state of toolchains in NetBSD]]></title> |
|
|
|
1527 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-netbsd/"/> |
|
|
|
1528 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-netbsd/</id> |
|
|
|
1529 <published>2021-04-09T22:42:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
1530 <updated>2021-04-09T22:42:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
1531 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>While FreeBSD and OpenBSD both switched to using LLVM/Clang as their |
|
|
|
1532 base system compiler, NetBSD picked a different path and remained with |
|
|
|
1533 <strong>GCC</strong> and <strong>binutils</strong> regardless of the license change to GPLv3. |
|
|
|
1534 However, it doesn't mean that the NetBSD project endorses this license, |
|
|
|
1535 and the NetBSD Foundation's has issued a <a href="http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/external/gpl3/README?rev=1.1">statement</a> about its position |
|
|
|
1536 on the subject.</p> |
|
|
|
1537 |
|
|
|
1538 <p>Realistically, NetBSD is more or less tied to GCC, as it supports more |
|
|
|
1539 architectures than the other BSDs, some of which will likely never be |
|
|
|
1540 supported in LLVM.</p> |
|
|
|
1541 |
|
|
|
1542 <p>As of <a href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-9/NetBSD-9.1.html">NetBSD 9.1</a>, the latest released version, all <a href="https://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/">supported |
|
|
|
1543 platforms</a> have recent versions of GCC (7.5.0) and binutils (2.31.1) |
|
|
|
1544 in the base system. Newer (and older!) versions of GCC can be installed |
|
|
|
1545 via Pkgsrc, and the following packages are available, going all the way |
|
|
|
1546 back to GCC 3.3.6:</p> |
|
|
|
1547 |
|
|
|
1548 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>+---------+------------+-------------------+ |
|
|
|
1549 | Package | Version | Release <span class="nb">date</span> | |
|
|
|
1550 +---------+------------+-------------------+ |
|
|
|
1551 | gcc10 | GCC 10.2.0 | July 23, 2020 | |
|
|
|
1552 | gcc9 | GCC 9.3.0 | March 12, 2020 | |
|
|
|
1553 | gcc8 | GCC 8.4.0 | March 4, 2020 | |
|
|
|
1554 | gcc7 | GCC 7.5.0 | November 14, 2019 | |
|
|
|
1555 | gcc6 | GCC 6.5.0 | October 26, 2018 | |
|
|
|
1556 | gcc5 | GCC 5.5.0 | October 10, 2017 | |
|
|
|
1557 | gcc49 | GCC 4.9.4 | August 3, 2016 | |
|
|
|
1558 | gcc48 | GCC 4.8.5 | June 23, 2015 | |
|
|
|
1559 | gcc3 | GCC 3.3.6 | May 3, 2005 | |
|
|
|
1560 +---------+------------+-------------------+ |
|
|
|
1561 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1562 |
|
|
|
1563 <p>The focus on GCC doesn't mean that the GNU and LLVM toolchains cannot coexist |
|
|
|
1564 within NetBSD, and work has in fact been done during the last decade to make |
|
|
|
1565 it happen.</p> |
|
|
|
1566 |
|
|
|
1567 <p>Despite currently not being built by default in official NetBSD releases, |
|
|
|
1568 <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/netbsd/src/commit/EoXArQqbzjtXf3fx">LLVM has been imported</a> in the NetBSD source tree in 2013. Daily images |
|
|
|
1569 are built from NetBSD-current for selected platforms (at least amd64, i386 |
|
|
|
1570 and evbarm) with the <em>MKLLVM</em> and <em>HAVE_LLVM</em> build options enabled, and |
|
|
|
1571 contain LLVM and Clang.</p> |
|
|
|
1572 |
|
|
|
1573 <p>Moreover, NetBSD has invested a lot of work on LLVM during the past few |
|
|
|
1574 years, including funding some developer contracts for Kamil Rytarowski |
|
|
|
1575 (kamil@) and Michał Górny (mgorny@), which allowed them to work on various |
|
|
|
1576 parts of the LLVM toolchain to add and enhance support for <strong>sanitizers</strong>, |
|
|
|
1577 and to improve <strong>LLDB</strong> support.</p> |
|
|
|
1578 |
|
|
|
1579 <p>They both published several dozen articles on the <a href="https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/category/Development">NetBSD blog</a> |
|
|
|
1580 along the way, retracing their journey. Kamil's final report about |
|
|
|
1581 <a href="https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/the_process_of_upstreaming_support">upstreaming support to LLVM sanitizers</a> summarizes the work accomplished. |
|
|
|
1582 Thanks to this work, sanitizer support on NetBSD is mature and mostly on par |
|
|
|
1583 with Linux. As a result, because LLVM is upstream for GCC sanitizers, they |
|
|
|
1584 are also available in GCC on NetBSD. Similarly, Michał's final report on |
|
|
|
1585 his <a href="https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/lldb_work_concluded">LLDB work</a> details the achievements on the debuggers front.</p> |
|
|
|
1586 |
|
|
|
1587 <p>As always, work continues towards keeping the toolchains up to date, and |
|
|
|
1588 upstreaming local changes whenever possible.</p> |
|
|
|
1589 |
|
|
|
1590 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
1591 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
1592 <![CDATA[The current state of GNU and LLVM toolchains in the NetBSD project]]> |
|
|
|
1593 </summary> |
|
|
|
1594 |
|
|
|
1595 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/netbsd"/> |
|
|
|
1596 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/toolchains"/> |
|
|
|
1597 </entry> |
|
|
|
1598 <entry> |
|
|
|
1599 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/loongson on the Lemote Fuloong]]></title> |
|
|
|
1600 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-loongson-on-the-lemote-fuloong/"/> |
|
|
|
1601 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-loongson-on-the-lemote-fuloong/</id> |
|
|
|
1602 <published>2021-03-04T23:10:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
1603 <updated>2021-03-04T23:10:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
1604 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>In my article about running <a href="/openbsd-loongson-on-the-lemote-yeeloong-8101b/">OpenBSD/loongson on the Lemote Yeeloong</a> back |
|
|
|
1605 in 2016, I mentioned looking for a Fuloong. All hope seemed lost until the |
|
|
|
1606 Summer of 2017, when a fellow OpenBSD developer was contacted by a generous |
|
|
|
1607 user (Thanks again, Lars!) offering to donate two <strong>Lemote Fuloong</strong> machines, |
|
|
|
1608 and I was lucky enough to get one of those units.</p> |
|
|
|
1609 |
|
|
|
1610 <p>This machine uses the same CPU as the Yeeloong, a <strong>Loongson 2F</strong> which is |
|
|
|
1611 a single-core MIPS-III 64-bit processor running at 800/900 MHz.</p> |
|
|
|
1612 |
|
|
|
1613 <p>As hinted in my previous article, contrarily to the <strong>Yeeloong</strong>, the |
|
|
|
1614 <strong>Fuloong</strong> is less strict with the type of RAM it accepts, and my device is |
|
|
|
1615 happily running with a Kingston 2GB DDR2 SO-DIMM module (ASU256X64D2S800C6), |
|
|
|
1616 replacing the original 512MB module.</p> |
|
|
|
1617 |
|
|
|
1618 <p>Here is the result of a quick <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
|
|
1619 |
|
|
|
1620 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MD5 <span class="nb">time </span>trial. Processing 10000 10000-byte blocks... |
|
|
|
1621 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
|
|
1622 Time <span class="o">=</span> 1.726563 seconds |
|
|
|
1623 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 57918535.263411 bytes/second |
|
|
|
1624 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1625 |
|
|
|
1626 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-fuloong.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
1627 |
|
|
|
1628 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
|
|
1629 |
|
|
|
1630 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 |
|
|
|
1631 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
1632 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1995-2021 OpenBSD. All rights reserved. https://www.OpenBSD.org |
|
|
|
1633 |
|
|
|
1634 OpenBSD 6.9-beta <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#74: Fri Feb 26 08:02:25 MST 2021</span> |
|
|
|
1635 deraadt@loongson.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/loongson/compile/GENERIC |
|
|
|
1636 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 2147483648 <span class="o">(</span>2048MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1637 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 2116452352 <span class="o">(</span>2018MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1638 random: boothowto does not indicate good seed |
|
|
|
1639 mainbus0 at root: Lemote Fuloong |
|
|
|
1640 cpu0 at mainbus0: STC Loongson2F CPU 797 MHz, STC Loongson2F FPU |
|
|
|
1641 cpu0: cache L1-I 64KB D 64KB 4 way, L2 512KB 4 way |
|
|
|
1642 bonito0 at mainbus0: memory and PCI-X controller, rev 1 |
|
|
|
1643 pci0 at bonito0 bus 0 |
|
|
|
1644 re0 at pci0 dev 6 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"Realtek 8169"</span> rev 0x10: RTL8169/8110SCd <span class="o">(</span>0x1800<span class="o">)</span>, irq 4, address 00:23:9e:00:0f:71 |
|
|
|
1645 rgephy0 at re0 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
1646 sisfb0 at pci0 dev 8 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"SiS 315 Pro VGA"</span> rev 0x00: 640x400, 8bpp |
|
|
|
1647 wsdisplay0 at sisfb0 mux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>std, vt100 emulation<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1648 glxpcib0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"AMD CS5536 ISA"</span> rev 0x03: rev 3, 32-bit 3579545Hz timer, watchdog, gpio, i2c |
|
|
|
1649 isa0 at glxpcib0 |
|
|
|
1650 com0 at isa0 port 0x2f8/8 irq 3: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo |
|
|
|
1651 com1 at isa0 port 0x3f8/8 irq 4: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo |
|
|
|
1652 mcclock0 at isa0 port 0x70/2: mc146818 or compatible |
|
|
|
1653 gpio1 at glxpcib0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
1654 iic at glxpcib0 not configured |
|
|
|
1655 glxclk0 at glxpcib0: clock, prof |
|
|
|
1656 pciide0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>2 <span class="s2">"AMD CS5536 IDE"</span> rev 0x01: DMA, channel 0 wired to compatibility, channel 1 wired to compatibility |
|
|
|
1657 wd0 at pciide0 channel 0 drive 0: <WDC WD1600BEVS-00VAT0> |
|
|
|
1658 wd0: 16-sector PIO, LBA48, 152627MB, 312581808 sectors |
|
|
|
1659 wd0<span class="o">(</span>pciide0:0:0<span class="o">)</span>: using PIO mode 4, Ultra-DMA mode 2 |
|
|
|
1660 pciide0: channel 1 ignored <span class="o">(</span>disabled<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1661 auglx0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>3 <span class="s2">"AMD CS5536 Audio"</span> rev 0x01: isa irq 9, CS5536 AC97 |
|
|
|
1662 ac97: codec <span class="nb">id </span>0x414c4760 <span class="o">(</span>Avance Logic ALC655 rev 0<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1663 audio0 at auglx0 |
|
|
|
1664 ohci0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>4 <span class="s2">"AMD CS5536 USB"</span> rev 0x02: isa irq 11, version 1.0, legacy support |
|
|
|
1665 ehci0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>5 <span class="s2">"AMD CS5536 USB"</span> rev 0x02: isa irq 11 |
|
|
|
1666 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
1667 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"AMD EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
1668 usb1 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
1669 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"AMD OHCI root hub"</span> rev 1.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
1670 apm0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
1671 vscsi0 at root |
|
|
|
1672 scsibus0 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
|
|
1673 softraid0 at root |
|
|
|
1674 scsibus1 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
|
|
1675 pmon bootpath: <span class="nv">bootduid</span><span class="o">=</span>53153d3cd8ddc482 |
|
|
|
1676 root on wd0a <span class="o">(</span>53153d3cd8ddc482.a<span class="o">)</span> swap on wd0b dump on wd0b |
|
|
|
1677 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1678 |
|
|
|
1679 <p>PCI device data:</p> |
|
|
|
1680 |
|
|
|
1681 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c"># pcidump</span> |
|
|
|
1682 Domain /dev/pci0: |
|
|
|
1683 0:6:0: Realtek 8169 |
|
|
|
1684 0:8:0: SiS 315 Pro VGA |
|
|
|
1685 0:14:0: AMD CS5536 ISA |
|
|
|
1686 0:14:2: AMD CS5536 IDE |
|
|
|
1687 0:14:3: AMD CS5536 Audio |
|
|
|
1688 0:14:4: AMD CS5536 USB |
|
|
|
1689 0:14:5: AMD CS5536 USB |
|
|
|
1690 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1691 |
|
|
|
1692 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
1693 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
1694 <![CDATA[Running the OpenBSD/loongson port on a Lemote Fuloong]]> |
|
|
|
1695 </summary> |
|
|
|
1696 |
|
|
|
1697 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
1698 <category term="MIPS64" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/mips64"/> |
|
|
|
1699 </entry> |
|
|
|
1700 <entry> |
|
|
|
1701 <title><![CDATA[NetBSD on the EdgeRouter Lite]]></title> |
|
|
|
1702 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-edgerouter-lite/"/> |
|
|
|
1703 <id>https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-edgerouter-lite/</id> |
|
|
|
1704 <published>2021-01-29T19:20:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
1705 <updated>2021-01-29T19:20:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
1706 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>NetBSD-current now has pre-built <a href="https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/HEAD/latest/evbmips-mips64eb/binary/gzimg/">octeon bootable images</a> (which will |
|
|
|
1707 appear in NetBSD 10.0) for the <strong>evbmips</strong> port, so I decided to finally |
|
|
|
1708 give it a try. I've been happily running OpenBSD/octeon on my EdgeRouter |
|
|
|
1709 Lite for a few years now, and have previously published <a href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-octeon-on-the-edgerouter-lite/">some notes</a> |
|
|
|
1710 including more detail about the CPU.</p> |
|
|
|
1711 |
|
|
|
1712 <p>Contrary to the <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/octeon.html">OpenBSD/octeon</a> port which is very stable and runs SMP |
|
|
|
1713 kernels, things are a little less polished on the NetBSD side for this |
|
|
|
1714 platform. The system runs an uniprocessor kernel and there are still some |
|
|
|
1715 stability issues.</p> |
|
|
|
1716 |
|
|
|
1717 <p><img src="/content/2017/08/edgerouter-lite.jpg" alt="EdgeRouter Lite" /></p> |
|
|
|
1718 |
|
|
|
1719 <p>Here is the U-Boot configuration to boot the image:</p> |
|
|
|
1720 |
|
|
|
1721 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Octeon ubnt_e100# <span class="nb">set </span>bootcmd <span class="s1">'fatload usb 0 $loadaddr netbsd;bootoctlinux $loadaddr coremask=0x3 root=wedge:octeon-root'</span> |
|
|
|
1722 Octeon ubnt_e100# saveenv |
|
|
|
1723 Saving Environment to Flash... |
|
|
|
1724 Un-Protected 1 sectors |
|
|
|
1725 Erasing Flash... |
|
|
|
1726 <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="k">done |
|
|
|
1727 </span>Erased 1 sectors |
|
|
|
1728 Writing to Flash... 4....3....2....1....done |
|
|
|
1729 Protected 1 sectors |
|
|
|
1730 Octeon ubnt_e100# |
|
|
|
1731 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1732 |
|
|
|
1733 <p>On first boot, the system automatically expands the filesystem:</p> |
|
|
|
1734 |
|
|
|
1735 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Resizing / <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">NAME</span><span class="o">=</span>octeon-root<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1736 /dev/rdk1: grow cg |<span class="k">*************************************</span> | 69% |
|
|
|
1737 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1738 |
|
|
|
1739 <p>Here is the login session, for posterity:</p> |
|
|
|
1740 |
|
|
|
1741 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Thu Jan 28 23:40:37 UTC 2021 |
|
|
|
1742 |
|
|
|
1743 NetBSD/evbmips <span class="o">(</span>octeon<span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">(</span>constty<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1744 |
|
|
|
1745 login: |
|
|
|
1746 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1747 |
|
|
|
1748 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
|
|
1749 |
|
|
|
1750 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>ELF 32-bit MSB pie executable, MIPS, N32 MIPS-III version 1 <span class="o">(</span>SYSV<span class="o">)</span>, dynamically |
|
|
|
1751 linked, interpreter /libexec/ld.elf_so, <span class="k">for </span>NetBSD 9.99.79, not stripped |
|
|
|
1752 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1753 |
|
|
|
1754 <p>For the record, OpenSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
|
|
1755 <a href="/files/netbsd/openssl-speed-edgerouter-lite.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
1756 |
|
|
|
1757 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
|
|
1758 |
|
|
|
1759 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, |
|
|
|
1760 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, |
|
|
|
1761 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
1762 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 |
|
|
|
1763 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
1764 |
|
|
|
1765 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] NetBSD 9.99.79 <span class="o">(</span>OCTEON<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#0: Thu Jan 28 18:52:43 UTC 2021</span> |
|
|
|
1766 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] mkrepro@mkrepro.NetBSD.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/evbmips/compile/OCTEON |
|
|
|
1767 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Cavium Octeon CN5020-500 |
|
|
|
1768 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] total memory <span class="o">=</span> 512 MB |
|
|
|
1769 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] avail memory <span class="o">=</span> 496 MB |
|
|
|
1770 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec |
|
|
|
1771 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] mainbus0 <span class="o">(</span>root<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1772 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpunode0 at mainbus0: 2 cores, crypto+kasumi, 64bit-mul, unaligned-access ok |
|
|
|
1773 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0 at cpunode0 core 0: 500.00MHz |
|
|
|
1774 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: Cavium CN5020-500 <span class="o">(</span>0xd0601<span class="o">)</span> Rev. 1 with software emulated floating point |
|
|
|
1775 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 64 TLB entries, 512TB <span class="o">(</span>49-bit<span class="o">)</span> VAs, 512TB <span class="o">(</span>49-bit<span class="o">)</span> PAs, 256MB max page size |
|
|
|
1776 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 32KB/128B 4-way set-associative L1 instruction cache |
|
|
|
1777 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 16KB/128B 64-way set-associative write-through coherent L1 data cache |
|
|
|
1778 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 128KB/128B 8-way set-associative write-back L2 unified cache |
|
|
|
1779 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu1 at cpunode0 core 1: disabled <span class="o">(</span>uniprocessor kernel<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1780 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] wdog0 at cpunode0: default period is 4 seconds |
|
|
|
1781 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] iobus0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
1782 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] iobus0: initializing POW |
|
|
|
1783 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] iobus0: initializing FPA |
|
|
|
1784 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] com0 at iobus0 address 0x0001180000000800: ns16650, no ERS, 16-byte FIFO |
|
|
|
1785 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] com0: console |
|
|
|
1786 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] com at iobus0 address 0x0001180000000c00 not configured |
|
|
|
1787 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octrnm0 at iobus0 address 0x0001180040000000 |
|
|
|
1788 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] entropy: ready |
|
|
|
1789 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octtwsi at iobus0 address 0x0001180000001000 not configured |
|
|
|
1790 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octmpi at iobus0 address 0x0001070000001000 not configured |
|
|
|
1791 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octsmi0 at iobus0 address 0x0001180000001800 |
|
|
|
1792 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octpip0 at iobus0 address 0x00011800a0000000 |
|
|
|
1793 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octgmx0 at octpip0 |
|
|
|
1794 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac0 at octgmx0: <span class="nv">address</span><span class="o">=</span>0x1180008000000: RGMII |
|
|
|
1795 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac0: Ethernet address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:9e |
|
|
|
1796 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy0 at cnmac0 phy 7: Atheros AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
1797 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 1000baseSX-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX, auto |
|
|
|
1798 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac1 at octgmx0: <span class="nv">address</span><span class="o">=</span>0x1180008000000: RGMII |
|
|
|
1799 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac1: Ethernet address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:9f |
|
|
|
1800 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy1 at cnmac1 phy 6: Atheros AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
1801 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy1: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 1000baseSX-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX, auto |
|
|
|
1802 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac2 at octgmx0: <span class="nv">address</span><span class="o">=</span>0x1180008000000: RGMII |
|
|
|
1803 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac2: Ethernet address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:a0 |
|
|
|
1804 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy2 at cnmac2 phy 5: Atheros AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
1805 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy2: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 1000baseSX-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX, auto |
|
|
|
1806 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] dwctwo0 at iobus0 address 0x0001180068000000 |
|
|
|
1807 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] dwctwo0: Core Release: 2.65a <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">snpsid</span><span class="o">=</span>4f54265a<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
1808 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] usb0 at dwctwo0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
1809 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] bootbus0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
1810 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounter <span class="s2">"mips3_cp0_counter"</span> frequency 500000000 Hz quality 100 |
|
|
|
1811 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] timecounter: Timecounter <span class="s2">"clockinterrupt"</span> frequency 100 Hz quality 0 |
|
|
|
1812 <span class="o">[</span> 1.059978] uhub0 at usb0: NetBSD <span class="o">(</span>0x0000<span class="o">)</span> DWC2 root hub <span class="o">(</span>0x0000<span class="o">)</span>, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
1813 <span class="o">[</span> 1.059978] uhub0: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
1814 <span class="o">[</span> 1.069975] aes: BearSSL aes_ct |
|
|
|
1815 <span class="o">[</span> 1.069975] aes_ccm: self-test passed |
|
|
|
1816 <span class="o">[</span> 1.069975] chacha: Portable C ChaCha |
|
|
|
1817 <span class="o">[</span> 1.079979] blake2s: self-test passed |
|
|
|
1818 <span class="o">[</span> 3.609971] umass0 at uhub0 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 |
|
|
|
1819 <span class="o">[</span> 3.620226] umass0: vendor 13fe <span class="o">(</span>0x13fe<span class="o">)</span> USB DISK 2.0 <span class="o">(</span>0x4200<span class="o">)</span>, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 2 |
|
|
|
1820 <span class="o">[</span> 3.620226] umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only |
|
|
|
1821 <span class="o">[</span> 3.620226] scsibus0 at umass0: 2 targets, 1 lun per target |
|
|
|
1822 <span class="o">[</span> 3.632383] uhub0: autoconfiguration error: illegal <span class="nb">enable </span>change, port 1 |
|
|
|
1823 <span class="o">[</span> 3.639974] sd0 at scsibus0 target 0 lun 0: <, USB DISK 2.0, PMAP> disk removable |
|
|
|
1824 <span class="o">[</span> 3.639974] sd0: 3824 MB, 959 cyl, 255 <span class="nb">head</span>, 32 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 7831552 sectors |
|
|
|
1825 <span class="o">[</span> 3.659974] sd0: GPT GUID: 6e7b1b6a-2e9f-4915-946a-567dad0caaa4 |
|
|
|
1826 <span class="o">[</span> 3.669969] dk0 at sd0: <span class="s2">"octeon-boot"</span>, 163840 blocks at 32768, <span class="nb">type</span>: ntfs |
|
|
|
1827 <span class="o">[</span> 3.669969] dk1 at sd0: <span class="s2">"octeon-root"</span>, 7626752 blocks at 196608, <span class="nb">type</span>: ffs |
|
|
|
1828 <span class="o">[</span> 3.683879] WARNING: 1 error <span class="k">while </span>detecting hardware<span class="p">;</span> check system log. |
|
|
|
1829 <span class="o">[</span> 3.691430] boot device: sd0 |
|
|
|
1830 <span class="o">[</span> 3.691430] root on dk1 |
|
|
|
1831 <span class="o">[</span> 3.709975] root file system <span class="nb">type</span>: ffs |
|
|
|
1832 <span class="o">[</span> 3.719976] kern.module.path<span class="o">=</span>/stand/evbmips/9.99.79/modules |
|
|
|
1833 <span class="o">[</span> 3.719976] WARNING: no TOD clock present |
|
|
|
1834 <span class="o">[</span> 3.729990] WARNING: using filesystem <span class="nb">time</span> |
|
|
|
1835 <span class="o">[</span> 3.734057] WARNING: CHECK AND RESET THE DATE! |
|
|
|
1836 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1837 |
|
|
|
1838 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
1839 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
1840 <![CDATA[Running the NetBSD/evbmips port on Ubiquiti EdgeRouter Lite]]> |
|
|
|
1841 </summary> |
|
|
|
1842 |
|
|
|
1843 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/netbsd"/> |
|
|
|
1844 <category term="MIPS64" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/mips64"/> |
|
|
|
1845 </entry> |
|
|
|
1846 <entry> |
|
|
|
1847 <title><![CDATA[Playing with Kore JSON API]]></title> |
|
|
|
1848 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-kore-json-api/"/> |
|
|
|
1849 <id>https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-kore-json-api/</id> |
|
|
|
1850 <published>2020-09-07T15:15:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
1851 <updated>2020-09-07T15:15:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
1852 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Kore <a href="https://kore.io/releases/4.0.0">4.0.0</a> has been released a few days ago, and features a brand |
|
|
|
1853 new <a href="https://docs.kore.io/4.0.0/api/json.html">JSON API</a> allowing to easily parse and serialize JSON objects.</p> |
|
|
|
1854 |
|
|
|
1855 <p>During the last couple of years, I have been using Kore for various projects, |
|
|
|
1856 including exposing hardware sensor values over the network via very simple |
|
|
|
1857 APIs. In this article, I would like to present a generalization of this |
|
|
|
1858 concept and show how easy it is to expose system information with Kore.</p> |
|
|
|
1859 |
|
|
|
1860 <p>This small API example allows identifying hosts over the network and has |
|
|
|
1861 been tested on Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and macOS (thanks Joris!).</p> |
|
|
|
1862 |
|
|
|
1863 <p>After creating a new project:</p> |
|
|
|
1864 |
|
|
|
1865 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>kodev create identify |
|
|
|
1866 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1867 |
|
|
|
1868 <p>Populate <code>src/identify.c</code> with the following code snippet:</p> |
|
|
|
1869 |
|
|
|
1870 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#include <sys/utsname.h> |
|
|
|
1871 </span> |
|
|
|
1872 <span class="cp">#include <kore/kore.h> |
|
|
|
1873 #include <kore/http.h> |
|
|
|
1874 </span> |
|
|
|
1875 <span class="cp">#if defined(__linux__) |
|
|
|
1876 #include <kore/seccomp.h> |
|
|
|
1877 </span> |
|
|
|
1878 <span class="n">KORE_SECCOMP_FILTER</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"json"</span><span class="p">,</span> |
|
|
|
1879 <span class="n">KORE_SYSCALL_ALLOW</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uname</span><span class="p">)</span> |
|
|
|
1880 <span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1881 <span class="cp">#endif |
|
|
|
1882 </span> |
|
|
|
1883 <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">http_request</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1884 |
|
|
|
1885 <span class="kt">int</span> |
|
|
|
1886 <span class="nf">page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">http_request</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">)</span> |
|
|
|
1887 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
1888 <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">answer</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
1889 |
|
|
|
1890 <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">utsname</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
1891 |
|
|
|
1892 <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">kore_buf</span> <span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
1893 <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">kore_json_item</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">;</span> |
|
|
|
1894 |
|
|
|
1895 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
1896 <span class="n">http_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP_STATUS_INTERNAL_ERROR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1897 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">KORE_RESULT_OK</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1898 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
1899 |
|
|
|
1900 <span class="n">kore_buf_init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1901 <span class="n">json</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kore_json_create_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1902 |
|
|
|
1903 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"system"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sysname</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1904 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"hostname"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">nodename</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1905 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"release"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">release</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1906 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"version"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">version</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1907 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"machine"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">machine</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1908 |
|
|
|
1909 <span class="n">kore_json_item_tobuf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1910 |
|
|
|
1911 <span class="n">answer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kore_buf_stringify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1912 <span class="n">http_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">answer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">strlen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">answer</span><span class="p">));</span> |
|
|
|
1913 |
|
|
|
1914 <span class="n">kore_buf_cleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1915 <span class="n">kore_json_item_free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1916 |
|
|
|
1917 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">KORE_RESULT_OK</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
1918 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
1919 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1920 |
|
|
|
1921 <p>And finally launch the project:</p> |
|
|
|
1922 |
|
|
|
1923 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>kodev run |
|
|
|
1924 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1925 |
|
|
|
1926 <p>The kodev tool will build and run the project, and we can now query the |
|
|
|
1927 API to identify hosts:</p> |
|
|
|
1928 |
|
|
|
1929 <div class="language-javascript highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
1930 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">system</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">OpenBSD</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> |
|
|
|
1931 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">hostname</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">foo.my.domain</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> |
|
|
|
1932 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">release</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">6.8</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> |
|
|
|
1933 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">version</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">GENERIC.MP#56</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">,</span> |
|
|
|
1934 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">machine</span><span class="dl">"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">amd64</span><span class="dl">"</span> |
|
|
|
1935 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
|
|
1936 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
1937 |
|
|
|
1938 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
1939 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
1940 <![CDATA[A small API example allowing to identify hosts over the network]]> |
|
|
|
1941 </summary> |
|
|
|
1942 |
|
|
|
1943 <category term="C" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/c"/> |
|
|
|
1944 </entry> |
|
|
|
1945 <entry> |
|
|
|
1946 <title><![CDATA[Modernizing the OpenBSD console]]></title> |
|
|
|
1947 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/modernizing-the-openbsd-console/"/> |
|
|
|
1948 <id>https://www.cambus.net/modernizing-the-openbsd-console/</id> |
|
|
|
1949 <published>2020-08-31T18:30:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
1950 <updated>2020-08-31T18:30:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
1951 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>At the beginning were text mode consoles. Traditionally, *BSD and Linux |
|
|
|
1952 on i386 and amd64 used text mode consoles which by default provided |
|
|
|
1953 25 rows of 80 columns, the "80x25 mode". This mode uses an 8x16 font stored |
|
|
|
1954 in the VGA BIOS (which can be slightly different across vendors).</p> |
|
|
|
1955 |
|
|
|
1956 <p>OpenBSD uses the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/wscons.4">wscons(4)</a> console framework, inherited from NetBSD.</p> |
|
|
|
1957 |
|
|
|
1958 <p>CRT monitors allowed you to set the resolution you wanted, so on bigger |
|
|
|
1959 monitors, the 80x25 console in textmode was fairly large but not blurry.</p> |
|
|
|
1960 |
|
|
|
1961 <p>Framebuffer consoles allowed taking advantage of larger monitor sizes, |
|
|
|
1962 to fit more columns and rows. With the switch to LCD monitors, also in |
|
|
|
1963 part driven by the decreasing costs of laptops, the fixed size panels |
|
|
|
1964 became a problem as the text mode resolution needed to be stretched, |
|
|
|
1965 leading to distortion and blurriness.</p> |
|
|
|
1966 |
|
|
|
1967 <p>One thing some people might not realize is the huge discrepancy between text |
|
|
|
1968 mode and framebuffer consoles regarding the amount of data you have to |
|
|
|
1969 write to cover the whole screen. In text mode, we only need to write 2 bytes |
|
|
|
1970 per character: 1 byte for the ASCII code, and 1 byte for attributes. |
|
|
|
1971 So in 80x25 text mode, we only need to write 80 * 25 * 2 bytes of data, which |
|
|
|
1972 is 4000 bytes, and the VGA card itself takes care of plotting characters to |
|
|
|
1973 the screen. In framebuffer, however, to fill a 4K UHD-1 (3840x2160) screen in |
|
|
|
1974 32bpp mode we need to send 3840 * 2160 * 4 bytes of data, which is 33177600 |
|
|
|
1975 bytes (approximately 33 MB).</p> |
|
|
|
1976 |
|
|
|
1977 <p>On framebuffer consoles, OpenBSD uses the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rasops.9">rasops(9)</a> subsystem (raster |
|
|
|
1978 operations), imported from NetBSD in <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/852174bf9aa5778a6d6090ce1d027ed0e60a2dbf7fc52c1c199edec5ba10c84e">2001</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
1979 |
|
|
|
1980 <p>While they had been used for a while on platforms without VGA cards, |
|
|
|
1981 framebuffer consoles were only enabled on i386 and amd64 in 2013 for |
|
|
|
1982 <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20130320095845">inteldrm(4)</a> and <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20130812135734">radeondrm(4)</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
1983 |
|
|
|
1984 <p>In recent years, rasops(9) itself and framebuffer drivers have seen some |
|
|
|
1985 improvements:</p> |
|
|
|
1986 |
|
|
|
1987 <p>General improvements:</p> |
|
|
|
1988 |
|
|
|
1989 <ul> |
|
|
|
1990 <li>Add and enable efifb(4), EFI framebuffer driver (yasuoka@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/8KYmU15QlyhusRif">August 2015</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
1991 <li>Implement counter-clockwise rotation (kettenis@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/7lXpZyid0vR5Zwgg">August 2017</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
1992 <li>Implement scrollback in rasops(9) (jcs@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/4k1QM7ucOEgRO0xS">April 2018</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
1993 </ul> |
|
|
|
1994 |
|
|
|
1995 <p>Performance related improvements:</p> |
|
|
|
1996 |
|
|
|
1997 <ul> |
|
|
|
1998 <li>Make it possible to use RI_WRONLY during early boot (kettenis@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/nhg8EbZxMSdby1MI">September 2015</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
1999 <li>Introduce rasops_wronly_do_cursor() (kettenis@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/ExenUcaOW8RQY3dr">August 2018</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2000 <li>Remap EFI framebuffer early to use write combining (kettenis@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/Ae4pR5YcC6xC3IAd">September 2018</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2001 <li>Do PAT setup earlier, so mapping the framebuffer WC actually works (kettenis@, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/qzoeIV2QzazYULCu">December 2018</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2002 <li>Fast conditional console scrolling (John Carmack, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/j2VU0SiC2NWlZh8H">June 2020</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2003 <li>Optimize character rendering in 32bpp mode (John Carmack, <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/uGCoC9GtqHLpxgqD">June 2020</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2004 </ul> |
|
|
|
2005 |
|
|
|
2006 <p>Console fonts improvements:</p> |
|
|
|
2007 |
|
|
|
2008 <ul> |
|
|
|
2009 <li>Add Spleen 5x8, targeted at small OLED displays (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/5raMrDMpYlPYW01H">September 2018</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2010 <li>Add Spleen 8x16, 12x24, 16x32 and 32x64 (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/Ltxorb7qChpBzpvJ">December 2018</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2011 <li>Enable Spleen in wsfont by default (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/MoBCxKiAlFajRvSm">January 2019</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2012 <li>Add Spleen 6x12, targeted at OLED displays (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/openbsd/src/oYEZPggDT3gWguRz">July 2020</a>)</li> |
|
|
|
2013 </ul> |
|
|
|
2014 |
|
|
|
2015 <p>There is an <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20190110064857">article about Spleen</a> in the OpenBSD Journal with more |
|
|
|
2016 information, notably on the font selection mechanism relative to screen |
|
|
|
2017 resolution.</p> |
|
|
|
2018 |
|
|
|
2019 <p>And work slowly continues to make framebuffer consoles more usable.</p> |
|
|
|
2020 |
|
|
|
2021 <p>It is interesting to note that while NetBSD has been adding a lot of |
|
|
|
2022 features to rasops(9) over the years, OpenBSD has taken a more conservative |
|
|
|
2023 approach. There is however one major feature that NetBSD currently has which |
|
|
|
2024 would be beneficial: the capability for <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/commit/netbsd/src/cWWZcRPLH1VI82Sz">loading fonts of different metrics |
|
|
|
2025 and subsequently resizing screens</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
2026 |
|
|
|
2027 <p>Looking forward, the performance of various operations could likely still be |
|
|
|
2028 improved, possibly by leveraging the new OpenBSD dynamic tracing mechanism |
|
|
|
2029 to analyze bottlenecks.</p> |
|
|
|
2030 |
|
|
|
2031 <p>Another open question is UTF-8 support, Miod Vallat started work in this |
|
|
|
2032 direction back in <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20131023125815">2013</a> but there are still a few things missing. |
|
|
|
2033 I have plans to implement sparse font files support in the future, at |
|
|
|
2034 least so one can take advantage of box drawing and possibly block elements |
|
|
|
2035 characters.</p> |
|
|
|
2036 |
|
|
|
2037 <p>Lastly, a major pain point has been the lack of larger fonts in RAMDISK |
|
|
|
2038 kernels, making installations and upgrades very difficult and error-prone |
|
|
|
2039 on large DPI monitors as the text is basically unreadable. There is no |
|
|
|
2040 technical blocker to make this happen, which ironically makes it the most |
|
|
|
2041 difficult kind of issue to tackle.</p> |
|
|
|
2042 |
|
|
|
2043 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2044 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2045 <![CDATA[Facts, directions, and thoughts regarding the evolution of OpenBSD framebuffer consoles]]> |
|
|
|
2046 </summary> |
|
|
|
2047 |
|
|
|
2048 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
2049 </entry> |
|
|
|
2050 <entry> |
|
|
|
2051 <title><![CDATA[NetBSD on the NanoPi NEO2]]></title> |
|
|
|
2052 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-nanopi-neo2/"/> |
|
|
|
2053 <id>https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-nanopi-neo2/</id> |
|
|
|
2054 <published>2020-08-06T20:41:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2055 <updated>2020-08-06T20:41:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2056 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The <a href="https://linux-sunxi.org/FriendlyARM_NanoPi_NEO2">NanoPi NEO2</a> from FriendlyARM has been serving me well since 2018, |
|
|
|
2057 being my test machine for OpenBSD/arm64 related things.</p> |
|
|
|
2058 |
|
|
|
2059 <p>As NetBSD/evbarm finally gained support for AArch64 in NetBSD 9.0, released |
|
|
|
2060 back in February, I decided to give it a try on this device. The board only |
|
|
|
2061 has 512MB of RAM, and this is where NetBSD really shines. Things have become |
|
|
|
2062 a lot easier since jmcneill@ now provides <a href="https://www.armbsd.org/arm/">bootable ARM images</a> for a |
|
|
|
2063 variety of devices, including the NanoPi NEO2.</p> |
|
|
|
2064 |
|
|
|
2065 <p><img src="/content/2021/02/nanopi-neo2.jpg" alt="NanoPi NEO2" title="NanoPi NEO2" /></p> |
|
|
|
2066 |
|
|
|
2067 <p>On first boot, the system will resize the filesystem to automatically expand |
|
|
|
2068 to the size of the SD card.</p> |
|
|
|
2069 |
|
|
|
2070 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Growing ld0 MBR partition <span class="c">#1 (1052MB -> 60810MB)</span> |
|
|
|
2071 Growing ld0 disklabel <span class="o">(</span>1148MB -> 60906MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2072 Resizing / |
|
|
|
2073 /dev/rld0a: grow cg |<span class="k">************************************</span> | 69% |
|
|
|
2074 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2075 |
|
|
|
2076 <p>Once the system is up and running, we can add a regular user in the |
|
|
|
2077 <em>wheel</em> group:</p> |
|
|
|
2078 |
|
|
|
2079 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>useradd <span class="nt">-m</span> <span class="nt">-G</span> wheel username |
|
|
|
2080 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2081 |
|
|
|
2082 <p>And add a password to the newly created user:</p> |
|
|
|
2083 |
|
|
|
2084 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>passwd username |
|
|
|
2085 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2086 |
|
|
|
2087 <p>From there we do not need the serial console anymore and can connect to |
|
|
|
2088 the device using SSH.</p> |
|
|
|
2089 |
|
|
|
2090 <p>NetBSD has binary packages available for this architecture, and installing |
|
|
|
2091 and configuring pkgin can be done as follow:</p> |
|
|
|
2092 |
|
|
|
2093 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">PKG_PATH</span><span class="o">=</span>https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/aarch64/9.0/All/ |
|
|
|
2094 pkg_add pkgin |
|
|
|
2095 <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$PKG_PATH</span> <span class="o">></span> /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf |
|
|
|
2096 pkgin update |
|
|
|
2097 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2098 |
|
|
|
2099 <p>The base system can be kept up to date using <a href="https://pkgsrc.se/sysutils/sysupgrade">sysupgrade</a>, which can be |
|
|
|
2100 installed via <strong>pkgin</strong>:</p> |
|
|
|
2101 |
|
|
|
2102 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>pkgin <span class="k">in </span>sysupgrade |
|
|
|
2103 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2104 |
|
|
|
2105 <p>The following variable need to be set in <em>/usr/pkg/etc/sysupgrade.conf</em>:</p> |
|
|
|
2106 |
|
|
|
2107 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">RELEASEDIR</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/netbsd-9/latest/evbarm-aarch64"</span> |
|
|
|
2108 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2109 |
|
|
|
2110 <p>Lastly, the device has two user controllable LEDs which can be toggled |
|
|
|
2111 on and off using <strong>sysctl</strong>.</p> |
|
|
|
2112 |
|
|
|
2113 <p>To switch both LEDs on:</p> |
|
|
|
2114 |
|
|
|
2115 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>sysctl <span class="nt">-w</span> hw.led.nanopi_green_pwr<span class="o">=</span>1 |
|
|
|
2116 sysctl <span class="nt">-w</span> hw.led.nanopi_blue_status<span class="o">=</span>1 |
|
|
|
2117 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2118 |
|
|
|
2119 <p>To switch off the power LED automatically at boot time:</p> |
|
|
|
2120 |
|
|
|
2121 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"hw.led.nanopi_green_pwr=0"</span> <span class="o">>></span> /etc/sysctl.conf |
|
|
|
2122 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2123 |
|
|
|
2124 <p>Here is a dmesg for reference purposes:</p> |
|
|
|
2125 |
|
|
|
2126 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, |
|
|
|
2127 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, |
|
|
|
2128 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2018, 2019, 2020 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
2129 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 |
|
|
|
2130 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
2131 |
|
|
|
2132 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] NetBSD 9.0_STABLE <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC64<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#0: Wed Aug 5 15:20:21 UTC 2020</span> |
|
|
|
2133 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] mkrepro@mkrepro.NetBSD.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/evbarm/compile/GENERIC64 |
|
|
|
2134 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] total memory <span class="o">=</span> 497 MB |
|
|
|
2135 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] avail memory <span class="o">=</span> 479 MB |
|
|
|
2136 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec |
|
|
|
2137 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armfdt0 <span class="o">(</span>root<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2138 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus0 at armfdt0: FriendlyARM NanoPi NEO 2 |
|
|
|
2139 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus1 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2140 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus2 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2141 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpus0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2142 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus3 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2143 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] psci0 at simplebus0: PSCI 1.1 |
|
|
|
2144 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <span class="o">(</span>Cortex V8-A core<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2145 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: package 0, core 0, smt 0 |
|
|
|
2146 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0/EL1 stack Alignment check enabled |
|
|
|
2147 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: Cache Writeback Granule 16B, Exclusives Reservation Granule 16B |
|
|
|
2148 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: Dcache line 64, Icache line 64 |
|
|
|
2149 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allocate VIPT Instruction cache |
|
|
|
2150 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Data cache |
|
|
|
2151 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Unified cache |
|
|
|
2152 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: <span class="nv">revID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x180, PMCv3, 4k table, 64k table, 16bit ASID |
|
|
|
2153 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: <span class="nv">auxID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x11120, FP, CRC32, SHA1, SHA256, AES+PMULL, NEON, rounding, NaN propagation, denormals, 32x64bitRegs, Fused Multiply-Add |
|
|
|
2154 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu1 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <span class="o">(</span>Cortex V8-A core<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2155 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu1: package 0, core 1, smt 0 |
|
|
|
2156 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu2 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <span class="o">(</span>Cortex V8-A core<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2157 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu2: package 0, core 2, smt 0 |
|
|
|
2158 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu3 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <span class="o">(</span>Cortex V8-A core<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2159 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu3: package 0, core 3, smt 0 |
|
|
|
2160 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] gic0 at simplebus1: GIC |
|
|
|
2161 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armgic0 at gic0: Generic Interrupt Controller, 224 sources <span class="o">(</span>215 valid<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2162 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armgic0: 16 Priorities, 192 SPIs, 7 PPIs, 16 SGIs |
|
|
|
2163 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] fclock0 at simplebus2: 24000000 Hz fixed clock <span class="o">(</span>osc24M<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2164 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] sunxisramc0 at simplebus1: SRAM Controller |
|
|
|
2165 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] fclock1 at simplebus2: 32768 Hz fixed clock <span class="o">(</span>ext_osc32k<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2166 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] gtmr0 at simplebus0: Generic Timer |
|
|
|
2167 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] gtmr0: interrupting on GIC irq 27 |
|
|
|
2168 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armgtmr0 at gtmr0: Generic Timer <span class="o">(</span>24000 kHz, virtual<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2169 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounter <span class="s2">"armgtmr0"</span> frequency 24000000 Hz quality 500 |
|
|
|
2170 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun8ih3ccu0 at simplebus1: H3 CCU |
|
|
|
2171 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun8ih3rccu0 at simplebus1: H3 PRCM CCU |
|
|
|
2172 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxide2ccu0 at simplebus1: DE2 CCU |
|
|
|
2173 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio0 at simplebus1: PIO |
|
|
|
2174 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] gpio0 at sunxigpio0: 94 pins |
|
|
|
2175 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio0: interrupting on GIC irq 43 |
|
|
|
2176 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio1 at simplebus1: PIO |
|
|
|
2177 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] gpio1 at sunxigpio1: 12 pins |
|
|
|
2178 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio1: interrupting on GIC irq 77 |
|
|
|
2179 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] fregulator0 at simplebus0: vcc3v3 |
|
|
|
2180 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] fregulator1 at simplebus0: usb0-vbus |
|
|
|
2181 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] fregulator2 at simplebus0: gmac-3v3 |
|
|
|
2182 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun6idma0 at simplebus1: DMA controller <span class="o">(</span>12 channels<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2183 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun6idma0: interrupting on GIC irq 82 |
|
|
|
2184 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] com0 at simplebus1: ns16550a, working fifo |
|
|
|
2185 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] com0: console |
|
|
|
2186 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] com0: interrupting on GIC irq 32 |
|
|
|
2187 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxiusbphy0 at simplebus1: USB PHY |
|
|
|
2188 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxihdmiphy0 at simplebus1: HDMI PHY |
|
|
|
2189 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunximixer0 at simplebus1: Display Engine Mixer |
|
|
|
2190 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxilcdc0 at simplebus1: TCON1 |
|
|
|
2191 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxilcdc0: interrupting on GIC irq 118 |
|
|
|
2192 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxirtc0 at simplebus1: RTC |
|
|
|
2193 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] emac0 at simplebus1: EMAC |
|
|
|
2194 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] emac0: Ethernet address 02:01:f7:f9:2f:67 |
|
|
|
2195 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] emac0: interrupting on GIC irq 114 |
|
|
|
2196 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] rgephy0 at emac0 phy 7: RTL8211E 1000BASE-T media interface |
|
|
|
2197 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] rgephy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 1000baseT, 1000baseT-FDX, auto |
|
|
|
2198 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] h3codec0 at simplebus1: H3 Audio Codec <span class="o">(</span>analog part<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2199 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunximmc0 at simplebus1: SD/MMC controller |
|
|
|
2200 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunximmc0: interrupting on GIC irq 92 |
|
|
|
2201 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] motg0 at simplebus1: <span class="s1">'otg'</span> mode not supported |
|
|
|
2202 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0 at simplebus1: EHCI |
|
|
|
2203 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0: interrupting on GIC irq 104 |
|
|
|
2204 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
|
|
2205 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0: 1 companion controller, 1 port |
|
|
|
2206 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
2207 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci0 at simplebus1: OHCI |
|
|
|
2208 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci0: interrupting on GIC irq 105 |
|
|
|
2209 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci0: OHCI version 1.0 |
|
|
|
2210 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb1 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
2211 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1 at simplebus1: EHCI |
|
|
|
2212 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1: interrupting on GIC irq 110 |
|
|
|
2213 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
|
|
2214 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1: 1 companion controller, 1 port |
|
|
|
2215 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb2 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
2216 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci1 at simplebus1: OHCI |
|
|
|
2217 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci1: interrupting on GIC irq 111 |
|
|
|
2218 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci1: OHCI version 1.0 |
|
|
|
2219 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb3 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
2220 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxiwdt0 at simplebus1: Watchdog |
|
|
|
2221 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxiwdt0: default watchdog period is 16 seconds |
|
|
|
2222 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] /soc/gpu@1e80000 at simplebus1 not configured |
|
|
|
2223 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] gpioleds0 at simplebus0: nanopi:green:pwr nanopi:blue:status |
|
|
|
2224 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] /soc/timer@1c20c00 at simplebus1 not configured |
|
|
|
2225 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] /soc/video-codec@1c0e000 at simplebus1 not configured |
|
|
|
2226 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] timecounter: Timecounter <span class="s2">"clockinterrupt"</span> frequency 100 Hz quality 0 |
|
|
|
2227 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] cpu2: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0/EL1 stack Alignment check enabled |
|
|
|
2228 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] cpu2: Cache Writeback Granule 16B, Exclusives Reservation Granule 16B |
|
|
|
2229 <span class="o">[</span> 1.040229] cpu2: Dcache line 64, Icache line 64 |
|
|
|
2230 <span class="o">[</span> 1.040229] cpu2: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allocate VIPT Instruction cache |
|
|
|
2231 <span class="o">[</span> 1.050220] cpu2: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Data cache |
|
|
|
2232 <span class="o">[</span> 1.060220] cpu2: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Unified cache |
|
|
|
2233 <span class="o">[</span> 1.070220] cpu2: <span class="nv">revID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x180, PMCv3, 4k table, 64k table, 16bit ASID |
|
|
|
2234 <span class="o">[</span> 1.070220] cpu2: <span class="nv">auxID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x11120, FP, CRC32, SHA1, SHA256, AES+PMULL, NEON, rounding, NaN propagation, denormals, 32x64bitRegs, Fused Multiply-Add |
|
|
|
2235 <span class="o">[</span> 1.090221] cpu1: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0/EL1 stack Alignment check enabled |
|
|
|
2236 <span class="o">[</span> 1.090221] cpu1: Cache Writeback Granule 16B, Exclusives Reservation Granule 16B |
|
|
|
2237 <span class="o">[</span> 1.100222] cpu1: Dcache line 64, Icache line 64 |
|
|
|
2238 <span class="o">[</span> 1.110221] cpu1: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allocate VIPT Instruction cache |
|
|
|
2239 <span class="o">[</span> 1.110221] cpu1: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Data cache |
|
|
|
2240 <span class="o">[</span> 1.120222] cpu1: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Unified cache |
|
|
|
2241 <span class="o">[</span> 1.130222] cpu1: <span class="nv">revID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x180, PMCv3, 4k table, 64k table, 16bit ASID |
|
|
|
2242 <span class="o">[</span> 1.140223] cpu1: <span class="nv">auxID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x11120, FP, CRC32, SHA1, SHA256, AES+PMULL, NEON, rounding, NaN propagation, denormals, 32x64bitRegs, Fused Multiply-Add |
|
|
|
2243 <span class="o">[</span> 1.150222] cpu3: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0/EL1 stack Alignment check enabled |
|
|
|
2244 <span class="o">[</span> 1.160223] cpu3: Cache Writeback Granule 16B, Exclusives Reservation Granule 16B |
|
|
|
2245 <span class="o">[</span> 1.160223] cpu3: Dcache line 64, Icache line 64 |
|
|
|
2246 <span class="o">[</span> 1.170223] cpu3: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allocate VIPT Instruction cache |
|
|
|
2247 <span class="o">[</span> 1.180223] cpu3: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Data cache |
|
|
|
2248 <span class="o">[</span> 1.180223] cpu3: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-back read-allocate write-allocate PIPT Unified cache |
|
|
|
2249 <span class="o">[</span> 1.190223] cpu3: <span class="nv">revID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x180, PMCv3, 4k table, 64k table, 16bit ASID |
|
|
|
2250 <span class="o">[</span> 1.200224] cpu3: <span class="nv">auxID</span><span class="o">=</span>0x11120, FP, CRC32, SHA1, SHA256, AES+PMULL, NEON, rounding, NaN propagation, denormals, 32x64bitRegs, Fused Multiply-Add |
|
|
|
2251 <span class="o">[</span> 1.210224] sdmmc0 at sunximmc0 |
|
|
|
2252 <span class="o">[</span> 1.240225] uhub0 at usb0: NetBSD <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span> EHCI root hub <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span>, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
2253 <span class="o">[</span> 1.240225] uhub0: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
2254 <span class="o">[</span> 1.240225] uhub1 at usb2: NetBSD <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span> EHCI root hub <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span>, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
2255 <span class="o">[</span> 1.250226] uhub1: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
2256 <span class="o">[</span> 1.250226] uhub2 at usb1: NetBSD <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span> OHCI root hub <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span>, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
2257 <span class="o">[</span> 1.260226] uhub2: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
2258 <span class="o">[</span> 1.260226] uhub3 at usb3: NetBSD <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span> OHCI root hub <span class="o">(</span>0000<span class="o">)</span>, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 |
|
|
|
2259 <span class="o">[</span> 1.275641] uhub3: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered |
|
|
|
2260 <span class="o">[</span> 1.275641] IPsec: Initialized Security Association Processing. |
|
|
|
2261 <span class="o">[</span> 1.350228] sdmmc0: SD card status: 4-bit, C10, U1, A1 |
|
|
|
2262 <span class="o">[</span> 1.350228] ld0 at sdmmc0: <0x03:0x5344:SC64G:0x80:0x0cd9141d:0x122> |
|
|
|
2263 <span class="o">[</span> 1.360690] ld0: 60906 MB, 7764 cyl, 255 <span class="nb">head</span>, 63 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 124735488 sectors |
|
|
|
2264 <span class="o">[</span> 1.370228] ld0: 4-bit width, High-Speed/SDR25, 50.000 MHz |
|
|
|
2265 <span class="o">[</span> 1.990242] boot device: ld0 |
|
|
|
2266 <span class="o">[</span> 1.990242] root on ld0a dumps on ld0b |
|
|
|
2267 <span class="o">[</span> 2.000243] root file system <span class="nb">type</span>: ffs |
|
|
|
2268 <span class="o">[</span> 2.010242] kern.module.path<span class="o">=</span>/stand/evbarm/9.0/modules |
|
|
|
2269 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2270 |
|
|
|
2271 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2272 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2273 <![CDATA[Some notes on installing and running NetBSD on the NanoPi NEO2, with detailed steps on how to create user accounts and install pkgin]]> |
|
|
|
2274 </summary> |
|
|
|
2275 |
|
|
|
2276 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/netbsd"/> |
|
|
|
2277 <category term="ARM" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/arm"/> |
|
|
|
2278 </entry> |
|
|
|
2279 <entry> |
|
|
|
2280 <title><![CDATA[Viewing ANSI art in MS-DOS virtual machines]]></title> |
|
|
|
2281 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/viewing-ansi-art-in-ms-dos-virtual-machines/"/> |
|
|
|
2282 <id>https://www.cambus.net/viewing-ansi-art-in-ms-dos-virtual-machines/</id> |
|
|
|
2283 <published>2020-06-19T16:28:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2284 <updated>2020-06-19T16:28:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2285 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I sometimes get reports about <a href="https://www.ansilove.org">Ansilove</a> rendering some artworks |
|
|
|
2286 differently than other ANSI art editors and viewers for modern platforms.</p> |
|
|
|
2287 |
|
|
|
2288 <p>Ansilove tries to be faithful to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI.SYS">ANSI.SYS</a> and MS-DOS based editors |
|
|
|
2289 and viewers rendering, as the vast majority of artworks were created |
|
|
|
2290 during the DOS era. Most of the time, using <strong>ACiDDraw</strong> and <strong>ACiD View</strong> |
|
|
|
2291 in <strong>DOSBox</strong> is enough, but when in doubt, it can be useful to verify how |
|
|
|
2292 ANSI.SYS rendered a particular piece.</p> |
|
|
|
2293 |
|
|
|
2294 <p>Once we have MS-DOS installed and working in a virtual machine, the |
|
|
|
2295 next step is accessing files within the VM. The easiest way to do so |
|
|
|
2296 is to create and use virtual floppy images to transfer files.</p> |
|
|
|
2297 |
|
|
|
2298 <p>On a Linux machine, one can use <strong>mkfs.msdos</strong> to create an empty floppy |
|
|
|
2299 image:</p> |
|
|
|
2300 |
|
|
|
2301 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>mkfs.msdos <span class="nt">-C</span> floppy.img 1440 |
|
|
|
2302 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2303 |
|
|
|
2304 <p>The image can then be mounted on the host to copy the desired content, |
|
|
|
2305 then attached to the virtual machine.</p> |
|
|
|
2306 |
|
|
|
2307 <p>In the MS-DOS guest, we need to enable <strong>ANSI.SYS</strong> in CONFIG.SYS:</p> |
|
|
|
2308 |
|
|
|
2309 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">DEVICE</span><span class="o">=</span>C:<span class="se">\D</span>OS<span class="se">\A</span>NSI.SYS |
|
|
|
2310 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2311 |
|
|
|
2312 <p>We can then render the files we want to verify:</p> |
|
|
|
2313 |
|
|
|
2314 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>A: |
|
|
|
2315 TYPE ANSI.ANS |
|
|
|
2316 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2317 |
|
|
|
2318 <p>80x50 mode can be enabled this way:</p> |
|
|
|
2319 |
|
|
|
2320 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MODE CON <span class="nv">COLS</span><span class="o">=</span>80 <span class="nv">LINES</span><span class="o">=</span>50 |
|
|
|
2321 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2322 |
|
|
|
2323 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2324 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2325 <![CDATA[Some notes on creating virtual floppies and enabling ANSI.SYS in MS-DOS virtual machines]]> |
|
|
|
2326 </summary> |
|
|
|
2327 |
|
|
|
2328 <category term="Ansi Art" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/ansi-art"/> |
|
|
|
2329 <category term="DOS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/dos"/> |
|
|
|
2330 </entry> |
|
|
|
2331 <entry> |
|
|
|
2332 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD framebuffer console and custom color palettes]]></title> |
|
|
|
2333 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-framebuffer-console-and-custom-color-palettes/"/> |
|
|
|
2334 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-framebuffer-console-and-custom-color-palettes/</id> |
|
|
|
2335 <published>2020-06-06T16:33:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2336 <updated>2020-06-06T16:33:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2337 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>On framebuffer consoles, OpenBSD uses the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rasops.9">rasops(9)</a> subsystem, which was |
|
|
|
2338 imported from NetBSD in March 2001.</p> |
|
|
|
2339 |
|
|
|
2340 <p>The RGB values for the ANSI color palette in rasops have been chosen to |
|
|
|
2341 match the ones in Open Firmware, and are different from those in the VGA |
|
|
|
2342 text mode color palette.</p> |
|
|
|
2343 |
|
|
|
2344 <p>Rasops palette:</p> |
|
|
|
2345 |
|
|
|
2346 <p><img src="/content/2020/06/rasops-palette.png" alt="Rasops palette" /></p> |
|
|
|
2347 |
|
|
|
2348 <p>VGA text mode palette:</p> |
|
|
|
2349 |
|
|
|
2350 <p><img src="/content/2020/06/vga-palette.png" alt="VGA text mode palette" /></p> |
|
|
|
2351 |
|
|
|
2352 <p>As one can see, the difference is quite significant, and decades of exposure |
|
|
|
2353 to MS-DOS and Linux consoles makes it quite difficult to adapt to a different |
|
|
|
2354 palette.</p> |
|
|
|
2355 |
|
|
|
2356 <p>RGB values for the ANSI color palette are defined in <strong>sys/dev/rasops/rasops.c</strong>, |
|
|
|
2357 and here are the proper ones to use to match the VGA text mode palette:</p> |
|
|
|
2358 |
|
|
|
2359 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#define NORMAL_BLACK 0x000000 |
|
|
|
2360 #define NORMAL_RED 0xaa0000 |
|
|
|
2361 #define NORMAL_GREEN 0x00aa00 |
|
|
|
2362 #define NORMAL_BROWN 0xaa5500 |
|
|
|
2363 #define NORMAL_BLUE 0x0000aa |
|
|
|
2364 #define NORMAL_MAGENTA 0xaa00aa |
|
|
|
2365 #define NORMAL_CYAN 0x00aaaa |
|
|
|
2366 #define NORMAL_WHITE 0xaaaaaa |
|
|
|
2367 </span> |
|
|
|
2368 <span class="cp">#define HILITE_BLACK 0x555555 |
|
|
|
2369 #define HILITE_RED 0xff5555 |
|
|
|
2370 #define HILITE_GREEN 0x55ff55 |
|
|
|
2371 #define HILITE_BROWN 0xffff55 |
|
|
|
2372 #define HILITE_BLUE 0x5555ff |
|
|
|
2373 #define HILITE_MAGENTA 0xff55ff |
|
|
|
2374 #define HILITE_CYAN 0x55ffff |
|
|
|
2375 #define HILITE_WHITE 0xffffff |
|
|
|
2376 </span></code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2377 |
|
|
|
2378 <p>And here is a <a href="/files/openbsd/rasops-palette.diff">diff</a> doing just that, which I sent to tech@ back in |
|
|
|
2379 <a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&m=148374502927423&w=2">January 2017</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
2380 |
|
|
|
2381 <p><strong>EDIT:</strong> The enthusiasm around this article led me to make another <a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&m=159412787807528&w=2">try</a>, |
|
|
|
2382 which didn't fare any better.</p> |
|
|
|
2383 |
|
|
|
2384 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2385 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2386 <![CDATA[Some notes on how Use proper RGB values for the ANSI color palette on OpenBSD framebuffer consoles]]> |
|
|
|
2387 </summary> |
|
|
|
2388 |
|
|
|
2389 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
2390 </entry> |
|
|
|
2391 <entry> |
|
|
|
2392 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/armv7 on the CubieBoard2]]></title> |
|
|
|
2393 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-armv7-on-the-cubieboard2/"/> |
|
|
|
2394 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-armv7-on-the-cubieboard2/</id> |
|
|
|
2395 <published>2020-05-27T22:39:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2396 <updated>2020-05-27T22:39:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2397 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I bought the <a href="https://linux-sunxi.org/Cubietech_Cubieboard2">CubieBoard2</a> back in 2016 with the idea to run OpenBSD |
|
|
|
2398 on it, but because of various reliability issues with the onboard NIC, |
|
|
|
2399 it ended up <a href="/netbsd-on-the-cubieboard2/">running NetBSD</a> for a few weeks before ending up in a |
|
|
|
2400 drawer.</p> |
|
|
|
2401 |
|
|
|
2402 <p>Back in October, Mark Kettenis committed code to allow switching to the |
|
|
|
2403 framebuffer "glass" console in the bootloader on OpenBSD/armv7, making |
|
|
|
2404 it possible to install the system without using a serial cable.</p> |
|
|
|
2405 |
|
|
|
2406 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">>></span> OpenBSD/armv7 BOOTARM 1.14 |
|
|
|
2407 boot> <span class="nb">set tty </span>fb0 |
|
|
|
2408 switching console to fb0 |
|
|
|
2409 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2410 |
|
|
|
2411 <p>This prompted me to plug the board again, and having support for the |
|
|
|
2412 framebuffer console is a game changer. It also allows running Xenocara, |
|
|
|
2413 if that's your thing.</p> |
|
|
|
2414 |
|
|
|
2415 <p><img src="/content/2021/03/cubieboard2.jpg" alt="Cubieboard2" title="Cubieboard2" /></p> |
|
|
|
2416 |
|
|
|
2417 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
|
|
2418 |
|
|
|
2419 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, ARM, version 1 |
|
|
|
2420 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2421 |
|
|
|
2422 <p>And this is the result of the <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
|
|
2423 |
|
|
|
2424 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MD5 <span class="nb">time </span>trial. Processing 10000 10000-byte blocks... |
|
|
|
2425 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
|
|
2426 Time <span class="o">=</span> 1.340000 seconds |
|
|
|
2427 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 74626865.671642 bytes/second |
|
|
|
2428 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2429 |
|
|
|
2430 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
|
|
2431 <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-cubieboard2.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
2432 |
|
|
|
2433 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
|
|
2434 |
|
|
|
2435 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>OpenBSD 6.7-current <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#299: Sun May 24 18:25:45 MDT 2020</span> |
|
|
|
2436 deraadt@armv7.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/armv7/compile/GENERIC |
|
|
|
2437 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 964190208 <span class="o">(</span>919MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2438 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 935088128 <span class="o">(</span>891MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2439 random: good seed from bootblocks |
|
|
|
2440 mainbus0 at root: Cubietech Cubieboard2 |
|
|
|
2441 cpu0 at mainbus0 mpidr 0: ARM Cortex-A7 r0p4 |
|
|
|
2442 cpu0: 32KB 32b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
|
|
2443 cpu0: 256KB 64b/line 8-way L2 cache |
|
|
|
2444 cortex0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
2445 psci0 at mainbus0: PSCI 0.0 |
|
|
|
2446 sxiccmu0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
2447 agtimer0 at mainbus0: tick rate 24000 KHz |
|
|
|
2448 simplebus0 at mainbus0: <span class="s2">"soc"</span> |
|
|
|
2449 sxiccmu1 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2450 sxipio0 at simplebus0: 175 pins |
|
|
|
2451 sxirtc0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2452 sxisid0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2453 ampintc0 at simplebus0 nirq 160, ncpu 2: <span class="s2">"interrupt-controller"</span> |
|
|
|
2454 <span class="s2">"system-control"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2455 <span class="s2">"interrupt-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2456 <span class="s2">"dma-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2457 <span class="s2">"lcd-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2458 <span class="s2">"lcd-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2459 <span class="s2">"video-codec"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2460 sximmc0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2461 sdmmc0 at sximmc0: 4-bit, sd high-speed, mmc high-speed, dma |
|
|
|
2462 <span class="s2">"usb"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2463 <span class="s2">"phy"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2464 ehci0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2465 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
2466 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
2467 ohci0 at simplebus0: version 1.0 |
|
|
|
2468 <span class="s2">"crypto-engine"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2469 <span class="s2">"hdmi"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2470 sxiahci0 at simplebus0: AHCI 1.1 |
|
|
|
2471 scsibus0 at sxiahci0: 32 targets |
|
|
|
2472 ehci1 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2473 usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
2474 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
2475 ohci1 at simplebus0: version 1.0 |
|
|
|
2476 <span class="s2">"timer"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2477 sxidog0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2478 <span class="s2">"ir"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2479 <span class="s2">"codec"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2480 sxits0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2481 com0 at simplebus0: ns16550, no working fifo |
|
|
|
2482 sxitwi0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2483 iic0 at sxitwi0 |
|
|
|
2484 axppmic0 at iic0 addr 0x34: AXP209 |
|
|
|
2485 sxitwi1 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
2486 iic1 at sxitwi1 |
|
|
|
2487 <span class="s2">"gpu"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2488 dwge0 at simplebus0: address 02:0a:09:03:27:08 |
|
|
|
2489 rlphy0 at dwge0 phy 1: RTL8201L 10/100 PHY, rev. 1 |
|
|
|
2490 <span class="s2">"hstimer"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2491 <span class="s2">"display-frontend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2492 <span class="s2">"display-frontend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2493 <span class="s2">"display-backend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2494 <span class="s2">"display-backend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
|
|
2495 gpio0 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2496 gpio1 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2497 gpio2 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2498 gpio3 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2499 gpio4 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2500 gpio5 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2501 gpio6 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2502 gpio7 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2503 gpio8 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
2504 usb2 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
2505 uhub2 at usb2 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic OHCI root hub"</span> rev 1.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
2506 usb3 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
|
|
|
2507 uhub3 at usb3 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic OHCI root hub"</span> rev 1.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
2508 simplefb0 at mainbus0: 1920x1080, 32bpp |
|
|
|
2509 wsdisplay0 at simplefb0 mux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>std, vt100 emulation<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2510 scsibus1 at sdmmc0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
|
|
|
2511 sd0 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 0: <SD/MMC, SC64G, 0080> removable |
|
|
|
2512 sd0: 60906MB, 512 bytes/sector, 124735488 sectors |
|
|
|
2513 uhidev0 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Lenovo ThinkPad Compact USB Keyboard with TrackPoint"</span> rev 2.00/3.30 addr 2 |
|
|
|
2514 uhidev0: iclass 3/1 |
|
|
|
2515 ukbd0 at uhidev0: 8 variable keys, 6 key codes |
|
|
|
2516 wskbd0 at ukbd0: console keyboard, using wsdisplay0 |
|
|
|
2517 uhidev1 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 1 <span class="s2">"Lenovo ThinkPad Compact USB Keyboard with TrackPoint"</span> rev 2.00/3.30 addr 2 |
|
|
|
2518 uhidev1: iclass 3/1, 22 report ids |
|
|
|
2519 ums0 at uhidev1 reportid 1: 5 buttons, Z and W <span class="nb">dir |
|
|
|
2520 </span>wsmouse0 at ums0 mux 0 |
|
|
|
2521 uhid0 at uhidev1 reportid 16: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
|
|
|
2522 uhid1 at uhidev1 reportid 17: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
|
|
|
2523 uhid2 at uhidev1 reportid 19: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>8, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>8, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>8 |
|
|
|
2524 uhid3 at uhidev1 reportid 21: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
|
|
|
2525 uhid4 at uhidev1 reportid 22: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">output</span><span class="o">=</span>0, <span class="nv">feature</span><span class="o">=</span>0 |
|
|
|
2526 vscsi0 at root |
|
|
|
2527 scsibus2 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
|
|
2528 softraid0 at root |
|
|
|
2529 scsibus3 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
|
|
2530 bootfile: sd0a:/bsd |
|
|
|
2531 boot device: sd0 |
|
|
|
2532 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>f7b555b0fa0e8c49.a<span class="o">)</span> swap on sd0b dump on sd0b |
|
|
|
2533 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2534 |
|
|
|
2535 <p>Sensors output:</p> |
|
|
|
2536 |
|
|
|
2537 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">$ </span>sysctl hw.sensors |
|
|
|
2538 hw.sensors.sxits0.temp0<span class="o">=</span>39.50 degC |
|
|
|
2539 hw.sensors.axppmic0.temp0<span class="o">=</span>30.00 degC |
|
|
|
2540 hw.sensors.axppmic0.volt0<span class="o">=</span>4.95 VDC <span class="o">(</span>ACIN<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2541 hw.sensors.axppmic0.volt1<span class="o">=</span>0.03 VDC <span class="o">(</span>VBUS<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2542 hw.sensors.axppmic0.volt2<span class="o">=</span>4.85 VDC <span class="o">(</span>APS<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2543 hw.sensors.axppmic0.current0<span class="o">=</span>0.11 A <span class="o">(</span>ACIN<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2544 hw.sensors.axppmic0.current1<span class="o">=</span>0.00 A <span class="o">(</span>VBUS<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2545 hw.sensors.axppmic0.indicator0<span class="o">=</span>On <span class="o">(</span>ACIN<span class="o">)</span>, OK |
|
|
|
2546 hw.sensors.axppmic0.indicator1<span class="o">=</span>Off <span class="o">(</span>VBUS<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2547 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2548 |
|
|
|
2549 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2550 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2551 <![CDATA[Some notes on installing and running OpenBSD/armv7 on the CubieBoard2]]> |
|
|
|
2552 </summary> |
|
|
|
2553 |
|
|
|
2554 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
2555 <category term="ARM" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/arm"/> |
|
|
|
2556 </entry> |
|
|
|
2557 <entry> |
|
|
|
2558 <title><![CDATA[Chinese BBSes and Unicode ANSi Art]]></title> |
|
|
|
2559 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/chinese-bbses-and-unicode-ansi-art/"/> |
|
|
|
2560 <id>https://www.cambus.net/chinese-bbses-and-unicode-ansi-art/</id> |
|
|
|
2561 <published>2020-04-14T20:50:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2562 <updated>2020-04-14T20:50:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2563 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>After doing my series on Taiwanese BBSes (<a href="/taiwanese-bbses-and-unicode-ansi-art/">first part</a>, |
|
|
|
2564 <a href="/taiwanese-bbses-and-unicode-ansi-art-part-ii/">second part</a>), I also took some |
|
|
|
2565 screenshots from two Chinese BBS systems, but only found those files |
|
|
|
2566 again recently.</p> |
|
|
|
2567 |
|
|
|
2568 <p>Those screens were captured in March 2013 and cover <strong>Lilac</strong> and <strong>NewSMTH</strong> |
|
|
|
2569 systems. While I could not find much English information about Lilac, which |
|
|
|
2570 seems to be located in Hong Kong, there is a Wikipedia page about |
|
|
|
2571 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTH_BBS">SMTH</a> which appears to have had |
|
|
|
2572 a complicated history.</p> |
|
|
|
2573 |
|
|
|
2574 <p>Lilac Login Screen:</p> |
|
|
|
2575 |
|
|
|
2576 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-login.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
|
|
2577 |
|
|
|
2578 <p>Lilac Main Menu Screens:</p> |
|
|
|
2579 |
|
|
|
2580 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-mainmenu01.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
|
|
2581 |
|
|
|
2582 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-mainmenu02.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
|
|
2583 |
|
|
|
2584 <p>Lilac Goodbye Screens:</p> |
|
|
|
2585 |
|
|
|
2586 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-goodbye01.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
|
|
2587 |
|
|
|
2588 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-goodbye02.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
|
|
2589 |
|
|
|
2590 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-goodbye03.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
|
|
2591 |
|
|
|
2592 <p>NewSMTH Welcome Screens:</p> |
|
|
|
2593 |
|
|
|
2594 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-welcome01.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2595 |
|
|
|
2596 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-welcome02.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2597 |
|
|
|
2598 <p>NewSMTH Login Screen:</p> |
|
|
|
2599 |
|
|
|
2600 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-login.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2601 |
|
|
|
2602 <p>NewSMTH Main Menu Screens:</p> |
|
|
|
2603 |
|
|
|
2604 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu01.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2605 |
|
|
|
2606 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu02.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2607 |
|
|
|
2608 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu03.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2609 |
|
|
|
2610 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu04.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2611 |
|
|
|
2612 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu05.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2613 |
|
|
|
2614 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu06.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2615 |
|
|
|
2616 <p>NewSMTH Goodbye Screens:</p> |
|
|
|
2617 |
|
|
|
2618 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-goodbye.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
|
|
2619 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2620 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2621 <![CDATA[ANSI screens from Chinese BBSes]]> |
|
|
|
2622 </summary> |
|
|
|
2623 |
|
|
|
2624 <category term="Ansi Art" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/ansi-art"/> |
|
|
|
2625 </entry> |
|
|
|
2626 <entry> |
|
|
|
2627 <title><![CDATA[My OpenBSD commits]]></title> |
|
|
|
2628 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/my-openbsd-commits/"/> |
|
|
|
2629 <id>https://www.cambus.net/my-openbsd-commits/</id> |
|
|
|
2630 <published>2019-08-31T17:45:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2631 <updated>2019-08-31T17:45:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2632 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Today marks my three year anniversary as an OpenBSD developer. I got my |
|
|
|
2633 commit bit on August 31th 2016 during the g2k16 hackathon in Cambridge, UK.</p> |
|
|
|
2634 |
|
|
|
2635 <p>A few months ago, I came across a Perl <a href="https://gist.github.com/bessarabov/674ea13c77fc8128f24b5e3f53b7f094">one-liner script</a> to produce |
|
|
|
2636 commit time distribution ASCII graphs from a Git repository, and I finally |
|
|
|
2637 have a good pretext to run it :-)</p> |
|
|
|
2638 |
|
|
|
2639 <p>As of this day, I have done 749 commits to OpenBSD, in the following |
|
|
|
2640 repositories: src (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/search?project=openbsd&committer=fcambus&repository=src">127</a>), ports(<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/search?project=openbsd&committer=fcambus&repository=ports">596</a>), www (24), and xenocara (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/search?project=openbsd&committer=fcambus&repository=xenocara">2</a>).</p> |
|
|
|
2641 |
|
|
|
2642 <p>Commits in the src repository:</p> |
|
|
|
2643 |
|
|
|
2644 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>00 - 0 |
|
|
|
2645 01 - 0 |
|
|
|
2646 02 - 0 |
|
|
|
2647 03 - 0 |
|
|
|
2648 04 - 0 |
|
|
|
2649 05 - 0 |
|
|
|
2650 06 - 1 <span class="k">***</span> |
|
|
|
2651 07 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
|
|
2652 08 - 8 <span class="k">****************************</span> |
|
|
|
2653 09 - 9 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
|
|
2654 10 - 13 <span class="k">**********************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2655 11 - 9 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
|
|
2656 12 - 10 <span class="k">***********************************</span> |
|
|
|
2657 13 - 11 <span class="k">***************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2658 14 - 13 <span class="k">**********************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2659 15 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
|
|
2660 16 - 5 <span class="k">*****************</span> |
|
|
|
2661 17 - 6 <span class="k">*********************</span> |
|
|
|
2662 18 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
|
|
2663 19 - 9 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
|
|
2664 20 - 14 <span class="k">**************************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2665 21 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
|
|
2666 22 - 3 <span class="k">**********</span> |
|
|
|
2667 23 - 0 |
|
|
|
2668 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2669 |
|
|
|
2670 <p>Commits in the ports repository:</p> |
|
|
|
2671 |
|
|
|
2672 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>00 - 1 |
|
|
|
2673 01 - 0 |
|
|
|
2674 02 - 0 |
|
|
|
2675 03 - 0 |
|
|
|
2676 04 - 0 |
|
|
|
2677 05 - 2 <span class="k">*</span> |
|
|
|
2678 06 - 14 <span class="k">**********</span> |
|
|
|
2679 07 - 32 <span class="k">***********************</span> |
|
|
|
2680 08 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
|
|
2681 09 - 67 <span class="k">**************************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2682 10 - 46 <span class="k">**********************************</span> |
|
|
|
2683 11 - 53 <span class="k">***************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2684 12 - 40 <span class="k">*****************************</span> |
|
|
|
2685 13 - 38 <span class="k">****************************</span> |
|
|
|
2686 14 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
|
|
2687 15 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
|
|
2688 16 - 35 <span class="k">**************************</span> |
|
|
|
2689 17 - 20 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
|
|
2690 18 - 15 <span class="k">***********</span> |
|
|
|
2691 19 - 24 <span class="k">*****************</span> |
|
|
|
2692 20 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
|
|
2693 21 - 43 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
|
|
2694 22 - 19 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
|
|
2695 23 - 11 <span class="k">********</span> |
|
|
|
2696 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2697 |
|
|
|
2698 <p>Commits in the www repository:</p> |
|
|
|
2699 |
|
|
|
2700 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>00 - 0 |
|
|
|
2701 01 - 0 |
|
|
|
2702 02 - 0 |
|
|
|
2703 03 - 0 |
|
|
|
2704 04 - 0 |
|
|
|
2705 05 - 0 |
|
|
|
2706 06 - 0 |
|
|
|
2707 07 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2708 08 - 0 |
|
|
|
2709 09 - 3 <span class="k">*************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2710 10 - 2 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
|
|
2711 11 - 4 <span class="k">**************************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2712 12 - 0 |
|
|
|
2713 13 - 2 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
|
|
2714 14 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2715 15 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2716 16 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2717 17 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2718 18 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2719 19 - 3 <span class="k">*************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2720 20 - 3 <span class="k">*************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2721 21 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
|
|
2722 22 - 0 |
|
|
|
2723 23 - 0 |
|
|
|
2724 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2725 |
|
|
|
2726 <p>Commits in the xenocara repository:</p> |
|
|
|
2727 |
|
|
|
2728 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>00 - 0 |
|
|
|
2729 01 - 0 |
|
|
|
2730 02 - 0 |
|
|
|
2731 03 - 0 |
|
|
|
2732 04 - 0 |
|
|
|
2733 05 - 0 |
|
|
|
2734 06 - 0 |
|
|
|
2735 07 - 0 |
|
|
|
2736 08 - 0 |
|
|
|
2737 09 - 0 |
|
|
|
2738 10 - 0 |
|
|
|
2739 11 - 0 |
|
|
|
2740 12 - 0 |
|
|
|
2741 13 - 0 |
|
|
|
2742 14 - 1 <span class="k">**************************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2743 15 - 0 |
|
|
|
2744 16 - 0 |
|
|
|
2745 17 - 0 |
|
|
|
2746 18 - 0 |
|
|
|
2747 19 - 0 |
|
|
|
2748 20 - 0 |
|
|
|
2749 21 - 1 <span class="k">**************************************************</span> |
|
|
|
2750 22 - 0 |
|
|
|
2751 23 - 0 |
|
|
|
2752 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2753 |
|
|
|
2754 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2755 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2756 <![CDATA[My OpenBSD commits time distribution ASCII graphs]]> |
|
|
|
2757 </summary> |
|
|
|
2758 |
|
|
|
2759 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
2760 </entry> |
|
|
|
2761 <entry> |
|
|
|
2762 <title><![CDATA[Fuzzing DNS zone parsers]]></title> |
|
|
|
2763 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/fuzzing-dns-zone-parsers/"/> |
|
|
|
2764 <id>https://www.cambus.net/fuzzing-dns-zone-parsers/</id> |
|
|
|
2765 <published>2019-07-11T13:00:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2766 <updated>2019-07-11T13:00:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2767 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>In my never-ending quest to improve the quality of my C codebases, I've been |
|
|
|
2768 using AFL to fuzz <a href="https://github.com/fcambus/statzone">statzone</a>, the zone parser I use to generate monthly |
|
|
|
2769 statistics on <a href="https://www.statdns.com">StatDNS</a>. It helped me to find and fix a NULL pointer |
|
|
|
2770 dereference.</p> |
|
|
|
2771 |
|
|
|
2772 <p>I initially used the <strong>.arpa</strong> zone file as input, but then remembered that |
|
|
|
2773 OpenDNSSEC bundles a <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/opendnssec/testing/master/zonedatatest/all.rr.org">special zone</a> for testing purposes, containing a |
|
|
|
2774 lot of seldom used resource records types, and decided to use this one too.</p> |
|
|
|
2775 |
|
|
|
2776 <p>Out of curiosity, I decided to try fuzzing other DNS zone parsers. I started |
|
|
|
2777 with validns 0.8, and within seconds the fuzzer found <a href="https://github.com/tobez/validns/issues/73">multiple NULL pointer |
|
|
|
2778 dereferences</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
2779 |
|
|
|
2780 <p><img src="/content/2019/07/validns.png" alt="validns" /></p> |
|
|
|
2781 |
|
|
|
2782 <p>The first occurrence happens in the name2findable_name() function, and can be |
|
|
|
2783 triggered with the following input:</p> |
|
|
|
2784 |
|
|
|
2785 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>arpa 86400 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2019021500 1800 900 604800 86400 |
|
|
|
2786 arpa. 86400 IN RRSIG SOA 8 1 86400 20190228000000 20190214230000 49906 arpa. Qot7qHAA2QhNmAz3oJUIGmxGJrKnWsIzEvZ92R+LV03K7YTFozio2U7Z534RZBhc0UJvlF1YenrbM6ugmF0z55CJD9JY7cFicalFPOkIuWslSl62vuIWHLwN5sA7VZ0ooVN2ptQpPHDa3W/9OPJRF0YqjBBBwD7IiL7V560rbXM<span class="o">=</span> |
|
|
|
2787 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2788 |
|
|
|
2789 <p>With the above input, the following call to strlen(3) in rr.c results in a |
|
|
|
2790 NULL pointer dereference because 's' ends up being NULL:</p> |
|
|
|
2791 |
|
|
|
2792 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">name2findable_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> |
|
|
|
2793 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
2794 <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strlen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">);</span> |
|
|
|
2795 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2796 |
|
|
|
2797 <p>The second occurrence happens in the nsec_validate_pass2() function, and can |
|
|
|
2798 be triggered with the following input:</p> |
|
|
|
2799 |
|
|
|
2800 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>arpa. 86400 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2019021500 1800 900 604800 86400 |
|
|
|
2801 arpa. 86400 IN NSEC a |
|
|
|
2802 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2803 |
|
|
|
2804 <p>With the above input, the following call to strcasecmp(3) in rr.c results |
|
|
|
2805 in a NULL pointer dereference because 'rr->next_domain' ends up being NULL:</p> |
|
|
|
2806 |
|
|
|
2807 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">strcasecmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rr</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next_domain</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">zone_apex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
|
|
|
2808 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2809 |
|
|
|
2810 <p>Given those encouraging results, I went on to fuzz BIND, NSD and Knot |
|
|
|
2811 zone parsers, using their zone validation tools <strong>named-checkzone</strong>, |
|
|
|
2812 <strong>nsd-checkzone</strong>, and <strong>kzonecheck</strong> respectively.</p> |
|
|
|
2813 |
|
|
|
2814 <p>While the fuzzers didn't produce any crash for BIND and Knot after running |
|
|
|
2815 for 3 days and 11 hours, they did produce some valid ones for NSD, and I |
|
|
|
2816 decided to continue on <strong>nsd-checkzone</strong> and stop the other fuzzers.</p> |
|
|
|
2817 |
|
|
|
2818 <p><img src="/content/2019/07/nsd-checkzone01.png" alt="nsd-checkzone" /></p> |
|
|
|
2819 |
|
|
|
2820 <p>I let AFL complete one cycle, and as I didn't need the box for anything else |
|
|
|
2821 at this time, I decided to let it run for a few more days. I ended the process |
|
|
|
2822 after 16 days and 19 hours, completing 2 cycles with 167 unique crashes.</p> |
|
|
|
2823 |
|
|
|
2824 <p><img src="/content/2019/07/nsd-checkzone02.png" alt="nsd-checkzone" /></p> |
|
|
|
2825 |
|
|
|
2826 <p>After sorting and analyzing the crashes, I had two valid issues to report.</p> |
|
|
|
2827 |
|
|
|
2828 <p>The first one is an <a href="https://github.com/NLnetLabs/nsd/issues/19">out-of-bounds read</a> caused by improper validation |
|
|
|
2829 of array index, in the rdata_maximum_wireformat_size() function, in rdata.c.</p> |
|
|
|
2830 |
|
|
|
2831 <p>The second one is a <a href="https://github.com/NLnetLabs/nsd/issues/20">stack-based buffer overflow</a> in the dname_concatenate() |
|
|
|
2832 function in dname.c, which got assigned <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-13207">CVE-2019-13207</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
2833 |
|
|
|
2834 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">=================================================================</span> |
|
|
|
2835 <span class="o">==</span><span class="nv">7395</span><span class="o">==</span>ERROR: AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-overflow on address 0x7ffcd6a9763f at pc 0x0000004dadbc bp 0x7ffcd6a97510 sp 0x7ffcd6a96cc0 |
|
|
|
2836 WRITE of size 8 at 0x7ffcd6a9763f thread T0 |
|
|
|
2837 <span class="c">#0 0x4dadbb in __asan_memcpy (/home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzone+0x4dadbb)</span> |
|
|
|
2838 <span class="c">#1 0x534251 in dname_concatenate /home/fcambus/nsd/dname.c:464:2</span> |
|
|
|
2839 <span class="c">#2 0x69e61f in yyparse /home/fcambus/nsd/./zparser.y:1024:12</span> |
|
|
|
2840 <span class="c">#3 0x689fd1 in zonec_read /home/fcambus/nsd/zonec.c:1623:2</span> |
|
|
|
2841 <span class="c">#4 0x6aedd1 in check_zone /home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzone.c:61:11</span> |
|
|
|
2842 <span class="c">#5 0x6aea07 in main /home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzone.c:127:2</span> |
|
|
|
2843 <span class="c">#6 0x7fa60ece6b96 in __libc_start_main /build/glibc-OTsEL5/glibc-2.27/csu/../csu/libc-start.c:310</span> |
|
|
|
2844 <span class="c">#7 0x41c1d9 in _start (/home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzone+0x41c1d9)</span> |
|
|
|
2845 |
|
|
|
2846 Address 0x7ffcd6a9763f is located <span class="k">in </span>stack of thread T0 at offset 287 <span class="k">in </span>frame |
|
|
|
2847 <span class="c">#0 0x533f8f in dname_concatenate /home/fcambus/nsd/dname.c:458</span> |
|
|
|
2848 |
|
|
|
2849 This frame has 1 object<span class="o">(</span>s<span class="o">)</span>: |
|
|
|
2850 <span class="o">[</span>32, 287<span class="o">)</span> <span class="s1">'temp'</span> <span class="o">(</span>line 459<span class="o">)</span> <<span class="o">==</span> Memory access at offset 287 overflows this variable |
|
|
|
2851 HINT: this may be a <span class="nb">false </span>positive <span class="k">if </span>your program uses some custom stack unwind mechanism or swapcontext |
|
|
|
2852 <span class="o">(</span>longjmp and C++ exceptions <span class="k">*</span>are<span class="k">*</span> supported<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
2853 SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-overflow <span class="o">(</span>/home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzone+0x4dadbb<span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">in </span>__asan_memcpy |
|
|
|
2854 Shadow bytes around the buggy address: |
|
|
|
2855 0x10001ad4ae70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2856 0x10001ad4ae80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2857 0x10001ad4ae90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2858 0x10001ad4aea0: 00 00 00 00 f1 f1 f1 f1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2859 0x10001ad4aeb0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2860 <span class="o">=></span>0x10001ad4aec0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00[07]f3 f3 f3 f3 f3 f3 f3 f3 |
|
|
|
2861 0x10001ad4aed0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2862 0x10001ad4aee0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2863 0x10001ad4aef0: 00 00 00 00 f1 f1 f1 f1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2864 0x10001ad4af00: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2865 0x10001ad4af10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
|
|
2866 Shadow byte legend <span class="o">(</span>one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes<span class="o">)</span>: |
|
|
|
2867 Addressable: 00 |
|
|
|
2868 Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 |
|
|
|
2869 Heap left redzone: fa |
|
|
|
2870 Freed heap region: fd |
|
|
|
2871 Stack left redzone: f1 |
|
|
|
2872 Stack mid redzone: f2 |
|
|
|
2873 Stack right redzone: f3 |
|
|
|
2874 Stack after <span class="k">return</span>: f5 |
|
|
|
2875 Stack use after scope: f8 |
|
|
|
2876 Global redzone: f9 |
|
|
|
2877 Global init order: f6 |
|
|
|
2878 Poisoned by user: f7 |
|
|
|
2879 Container overflow: <span class="nb">fc |
|
|
|
2880 </span>Array cookie: ac |
|
|
|
2881 Intra object redzone: bb |
|
|
|
2882 ASan internal: fe |
|
|
|
2883 Left alloca redzone: ca |
|
|
|
2884 Right alloca redzone: cb |
|
|
|
2885 <span class="o">==</span><span class="nv">7395</span><span class="o">==</span>ABORTING |
|
|
|
2886 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2887 |
|
|
|
2888 <p>Both issues have been fixed and will be part of the <a href="https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/news/2019/Aug/19/nsd-4.2.2-released/">NSD 4.2.2</a> release.</p> |
|
|
|
2889 |
|
|
|
2890 <p>I also fuzzed ldns using <strong>ldns-read-zone</strong> for 12 days and 7 hours but |
|
|
|
2891 the only crashes it produced were in fact only triggering assertions.</p> |
|
|
|
2892 |
|
|
|
2893 <p>It's been an interesting journey so far, and while finding issues is still |
|
|
|
2894 relatively easy, time required to sort crashes and distinguish between valid, |
|
|
|
2895 duplicates, and false positives takes a lot of time. Nonetheless, reading 3rd |
|
|
|
2896 party source code and analyzing what is going on and why the program crashes |
|
|
|
2897 is both very instructing and rewarding.</p> |
|
|
|
2898 |
|
|
|
2899 <p>For the time being, I plan to continue fuzzing stuff and will write more |
|
|
|
2900 about my findings.</p> |
|
|
|
2901 |
|
|
|
2902 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
2903 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
2904 <![CDATA[Reflections on fuzzing several DNS zone parsers with American Fuzzy Lop]]> |
|
|
|
2905 </summary> |
|
|
|
2906 |
|
|
|
2907 <category term="DNS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/dns"/> |
|
|
|
2908 <category term="Security" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/security"/> |
|
|
|
2909 </entry> |
|
|
|
2910 <entry> |
|
|
|
2911 <title><![CDATA[Running a free public API, a post-mortem]]></title> |
|
|
|
2912 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/running-a-free-public-api-a-post-mortem/"/> |
|
|
|
2913 <id>https://www.cambus.net/running-a-free-public-api-a-post-mortem/</id> |
|
|
|
2914 <published>2018-11-30T22:29:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
2915 <updated>2018-11-30T22:29:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
2916 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>It's been a little bit more than three years since Telize public API was |
|
|
|
2917 permanently shut down on November 15th, 2015. I have previously written |
|
|
|
2918 about the <a href="https://www.cambus.net/adventures-in-running-a-free-public-api/">adventure</a> itself, and about the <a href="https://www.cambus.net/decommissioning-a-free-public-api/">decommissioning</a> of |
|
|
|
2919 the API.</p> |
|
|
|
2920 |
|
|
|
2921 <p>Before shutting down the public API of <a href="https://www.telize.com/">Telize</a>, a paid version was |
|
|
|
2922 launched on Mashape to ease the transition for those who couldn't host their |
|
|
|
2923 own instances. The Mashape API Marketplace became a part of RapidAPI last |
|
|
|
2924 year, the service is still running and will keep doing so for the foreseeable |
|
|
|
2925 future. You can support my work on Telize by <a href="https://rapidapi.com/fcambus/api/telize">subscribing</a> to the service.</p> |
|
|
|
2926 |
|
|
|
2927 <p>While a small fraction of the userbase switched to the paid API, the vast |
|
|
|
2928 majority didn't, and the number of requests exploded due to retries, as |
|
|
|
2929 detailed in the article about the API decommission. One thing I wondered |
|
|
|
2930 at the time was how long it would take for the traffic to become negligible. |
|
|
|
2931 The Internet is a very strange place and things can go unnoticed for a very |
|
|
|
2932 long time, years sometimes. Of course, Telize case is no exception.</p> |
|
|
|
2933 |
|
|
|
2934 <p>Every year since the public API was closed down, I've been logging requests |
|
|
|
2935 for a few days in a row to get a glimpse of how many of them were still being |
|
|
|
2936 made. While the number of unique IP addresses querying the API kept decreasing, |
|
|
|
2937 the amount of requests themselves went up again compared to last year.</p> |
|
|
|
2938 |
|
|
|
2939 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>2016-11-06 - Requests: 51,896,923 - Unique IPs: 2,543,814 |
|
|
|
2940 2016-11-07 - Requests: 56,427,258 - Unique IPs: 2,756,065 |
|
|
|
2941 2016-11-08 - Requests: 53,641,121 - Unique IPs: 2,746,005 |
|
|
|
2942 2016-11-09 - Requests: 53,704,140 - Unique IPs: 2,536,632 |
|
|
|
2943 2016-11-10 - Requests: 53,194,946 - Unique IPs: 2,525,167 |
|
|
|
2944 2016-11-11 - Requests: 50,444,003 - Unique IPs: 2,652,730 |
|
|
|
2945 2016-11-12 - Requests: 49,224,863 - Unique IPs: 2,670,926 |
|
|
|
2946 2016-11-13 - Requests: 48,526,303 - Unique IPs: 2,492,765 |
|
|
|
2947 2017-11-10 - Requests: 35,325,037 - Unique IPs: 1,736,815 |
|
|
|
2948 2017-11-11 - Requests: 33,582,167 - Unique IPs: 1,613,161 |
|
|
|
2949 2017-11-12 - Requests: 33,334,836 - Unique IPs: 1,587,549 |
|
|
|
2950 2017-11-13 - Requests: 36,131,909 - Unique IPs: 1,593,255 |
|
|
|
2951 2017-11-14 - Requests: 34,457,433 - Unique IPs: 1,571,144 |
|
|
|
2952 2017-11-15 - Requests: 33,225,149 - Unique IPs: 1,563,845 |
|
|
|
2953 2018-11-12 - Requests: 50,612,559 - Unique IPs: 611,302 |
|
|
|
2954 2018-11-13 - Requests: 50,858,236 - Unique IPs: 640,836 |
|
|
|
2955 2018-11-14 - Requests: 51,991,454 - Unique IPs: 661,410 |
|
|
|
2956 2018-11-15 - Requests: 53,008,712 - Unique IPs: 689,646 |
|
|
|
2957 2018-11-16 - Requests: 51,651,814 - Unique IPs: 686,646 |
|
|
|
2958 2018-11-17 - Requests: 49,236,779 - Unique IPs: 662,717 |
|
|
|
2959 2018-11-18 - Requests: 47,237,596 - Unique IPs: 692,718 |
|
|
|
2960 2018-11-19 - Requests: 51,679,888 - Unique IPs: 735,396 |
|
|
|
2961 2018-11-20 - Requests: 50,245,134 - Unique IPs: 755,177 |
|
|
|
2962 2018-11-21 - Requests: 50,745,725 - Unique IPs: 773,949 |
|
|
|
2963 2018-11-22 - Requests: 50,609,750 - Unique IPs: 786,963 |
|
|
|
2964 2018-11-23 - Requests: 49,991,775 - Unique IPs: 687,652 |
|
|
|
2965 2018-11-24 - Requests: 47,479,703 - Unique IPs: 584,058 |
|
|
|
2966 2018-11-25 - Requests: 47,346,829 - Unique IPs: 597,153 |
|
|
|
2967 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2968 |
|
|
|
2969 <p>Bandwidth usage, measured with nload:</p> |
|
|
|
2970 |
|
|
|
2971 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Incoming: |
|
|
|
2972 |
|
|
|
2973 |
|
|
|
2974 |
|
|
|
2975 |
|
|
|
2976 |
|
|
|
2977 |
|
|
|
2978 Curr: 2.44 MBit/s |
|
|
|
2979 Avg: 2.08 MBit/s |
|
|
|
2980 <span class="nb">.</span> .... ... <span class="nb">.</span> ... ...... ... .. ... Min: 1.76 MBit/s |
|
|
|
2981 <span class="c">#########################|######################|################# Max: 2.70 MBit/s</span> |
|
|
|
2982 <span class="c">################################################################## Ttl: 2217.35 GByte</span> |
|
|
|
2983 Outgoing: |
|
|
|
2984 |
|
|
|
2985 |
|
|
|
2986 |
|
|
|
2987 |
|
|
|
2988 |
|
|
|
2989 |
|
|
|
2990 Curr: 1.22 MBit/s |
|
|
|
2991 Avg: 1.07 MBit/s |
|
|
|
2992 Min: 904.10 kBit/s |
|
|
|
2993 .... .. <span class="nb">.</span> Max: 1.45 MBit/s |
|
|
|
2994 <span class="c">################################################|################# Ttl: 1111.68 GByte</span> |
|
|
|
2995 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
2996 |
|
|
|
2997 <p>So more than 3 years after the decommission, I'm still getting around 50 |
|
|
|
2998 millions daily requests. I'm honestly quite astonished to notice that the |
|
|
|
2999 numbers went up again significantly this year.</p> |
|
|
|
3000 |
|
|
|
3001 <p>Below is a report of user agents which performed more than 1M daily requests |
|
|
|
3002 on November 12th 2018, top offenders being Android applications and Wordpress |
|
|
|
3003 sites… How surprising.</p> |
|
|
|
3004 |
|
|
|
3005 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Apache-HttpClient/UNAVAILABLE 24,729,923 |
|
|
|
3006 Dalvik/2.1.0 1,113,530 |
|
|
|
3007 WordPress/4.2.21 3,200,750 |
|
|
|
3008 WordPress/4.1.24 2,223,350 |
|
|
|
3009 WordPress/4.3.17 1,212,849 |
|
|
|
3010 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3011 |
|
|
|
3012 <p>On a more positive note, those are recent Wordpress releases, which means |
|
|
|
3013 it might be possible to identify the plugins performing those requests |
|
|
|
3014 and contact their authors.</p> |
|
|
|
3015 |
|
|
|
3016 <p>Regarding the open source project itself, I released <a href="https://github.com/fcambus/telize/releases/tag/2.0.0">2.0.0</a> back in March, |
|
|
|
3017 which is now using GeoIP2/GeoLite2 databases, as GeoIP/GeoLite databases have |
|
|
|
3018 been <a href="https://support.maxmind.com/geolite-legacy-discontinuation-notice/">deprecated</a> since April. I'm currently working on a rewrite in C |
|
|
|
3019 using <a href="https://kore.io">Kore</a>, which will bring in a couple of improvements compared to |
|
|
|
3020 the current version. I will write about the new iteration in a following post.</p> |
|
|
|
3021 |
|
|
|
3022 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3023 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3024 <![CDATA[Deprecating Telize free public API, an update after three years]]> |
|
|
|
3025 </summary> |
|
|
|
3026 |
|
|
|
3027 <category term="Miscellaneous" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/miscellaneous"/> |
|
|
|
3028 </entry> |
|
|
|
3029 <entry> |
|
|
|
3030 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/arm64 on the NanoPi NEO2]]></title> |
|
|
|
3031 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-arm64-on-the-nanopi-neo2/"/> |
|
|
|
3032 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-arm64-on-the-nanopi-neo2/</id> |
|
|
|
3033 <published>2018-11-13T11:20:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3034 <updated>2018-11-13T11:20:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3035 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I bought the <a href="http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/index.php/NanoPi_NEO2">NanoPi NEO2</a> solely for it's form-factor, and I haven't |
|
|
|
3036 been disappointed. It's a cute little board (40*40mm), which is to the best |
|
|
|
3037 of my knowledge the smallest possible device one can run OpenBSD on.</p> |
|
|
|
3038 |
|
|
|
3039 <p><img src="/content/2021/02/nanopi-neo2.jpg" alt="NanoPi NEO2" title="NanoPi NEO2" /></p> |
|
|
|
3040 |
|
|
|
3041 <p>The CPU is a quad-core <strong>ARM Cortex-A53</strong> which is quite capable, a |
|
|
|
3042 GENERIC.MP kernel build taking 15 minutes. On the downside, the board only |
|
|
|
3043 has 512MB of RAM.</p> |
|
|
|
3044 |
|
|
|
3045 <p>An USB to TTL serial cable is required to <a href="http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/index.php/File:NEO2_DBG_UART.jpg">connect</a> to the board and |
|
|
|
3046 perform installation. The system doesn't have a supported miniroot so |
|
|
|
3047 the preparation steps detailed in the <strong>INSTALL.arm64</strong> file have to be |
|
|
|
3048 performed to get a working installation image.</p> |
|
|
|
3049 |
|
|
|
3050 <p>The following packages need to be installed:</p> |
|
|
|
3051 |
|
|
|
3052 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>pkg_add dtb u-boot-aarch64 |
|
|
|
3053 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3054 |
|
|
|
3055 <p>After writing the miniroot image to an SD card, the correct <strong>DTB</strong> |
|
|
|
3056 should be copied:</p> |
|
|
|
3057 |
|
|
|
3058 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>mount /dev/sdXi /mnt |
|
|
|
3059 <span class="nb">mkdir</span> /mnt/allwinner |
|
|
|
3060 <span class="nb">cp</span> /usr/local/share/dtb/arm64/allwinner/sun50i-h5-nanopi-neo2.dtb /mnt/allwinner |
|
|
|
3061 umount /mnt |
|
|
|
3062 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3063 |
|
|
|
3064 <p>Lastly, the correct <strong>U-Boot image</strong> should be written:</p> |
|
|
|
3065 |
|
|
|
3066 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">dd </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/local/share/u-boot/nanopi_neo2/u-boot-sunxi-with-spl.bin <span class="nv">of</span><span class="o">=</span>/dev/sdXc <span class="nv">bs</span><span class="o">=</span>1024 <span class="nv">seek</span><span class="o">=</span>8 |
|
|
|
3067 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3068 |
|
|
|
3069 <p>After performing the installation process, the DTB should be copied again |
|
|
|
3070 to the SD card before attempting to boot the system.</p> |
|
|
|
3071 |
|
|
|
3072 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
|
|
3073 |
|
|
|
3074 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, AArch64, version 1 |
|
|
|
3075 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3076 |
|
|
|
3077 <p>And this is the result of the <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
|
|
3078 |
|
|
|
3079 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MD5 <span class="nb">time </span>trial. Processing 10000 10000-byte blocks... |
|
|
|
3080 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
|
|
3081 Time <span class="o">=</span> 1.070000 seconds |
|
|
|
3082 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 93457943.925234 bytes/second |
|
|
|
3083 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3084 |
|
|
|
3085 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
|
|
3086 <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-nanopi-neo2.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
3087 |
|
|
|
3088 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
|
|
3089 |
|
|
|
3090 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>OpenBSD 6.4-current <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC.MP<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#262: Mon Nov 12 01:54:10 MST 2018</span> |
|
|
|
3091 deraadt@arm64.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/arm64/compile/GENERIC.MP |
|
|
|
3092 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 407707648 <span class="o">(</span>388MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
3093 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 367030272 <span class="o">(</span>350MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
3094 mainbus0 at root: FriendlyARM NanoPi NEO 2 |
|
|
|
3095 cpu0 at mainbus0 mpidr 0: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
|
|
3096 cpu0: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
|
|
3097 cpu0: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
|
|
3098 efi0 at mainbus0: UEFI 2.7 |
|
|
|
3099 efi0: Das U-Boot rev 0x0 |
|
|
|
3100 sxiccmu0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
3101 psci0 at mainbus0: PSCI 0.2 |
|
|
|
3102 simplebus0 at mainbus0: <span class="s2">"soc"</span> |
|
|
|
3103 syscon0 at simplebus0: <span class="s2">"syscon"</span> |
|
|
|
3104 sxiccmu1 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3105 sxipio0 at simplebus0: 94 pins |
|
|
|
3106 ampintc0 at simplebus0 nirq 224, ncpu 4 ipi: 0, 1: <span class="s2">"interrupt-controller"</span> |
|
|
|
3107 sxiccmu2 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3108 sxipio1 at simplebus0: 12 pins |
|
|
|
3109 sximmc0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3110 sdmmc0 at sximmc0: 4-bit, sd high-speed, mmc high-speed, dma |
|
|
|
3111 ehci0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3112 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
3113 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
3114 ehci1 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3115 usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
3116 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
3117 dwxe0 at simplebus0: address 02:01:f7:f9:2f:67 |
|
|
|
3118 rgephy0 at dwxe0 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 5 |
|
|
|
3119 com0 at simplebus0: ns16550, no working fifo |
|
|
|
3120 com0: console |
|
|
|
3121 sxirtc0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3122 gpio0 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3123 gpio1 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3124 gpio2 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3125 gpio3 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3126 gpio4 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3127 gpio5 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3128 gpio6 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3129 gpio7 at sxipio1: 32 pins |
|
|
|
3130 agtimer0 at mainbus0: tick rate 24000 KHz |
|
|
|
3131 cpu1 at mainbus0 mpidr 1: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
|
|
3132 cpu1: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
|
|
3133 cpu1: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
|
|
3134 cpu2 at mainbus0 mpidr 2: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
|
|
3135 cpu2: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
|
|
3136 cpu2: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
|
|
3137 cpu3 at mainbus0 mpidr 3: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
|
|
3138 cpu3: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
|
|
3139 cpu3: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
|
|
3140 scsibus0 at sdmmc0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
|
|
|
3141 sd0 at scsibus0 targ 1 lun 0: <SD/MMC, SC64G, 0080> SCSI2 0/direct removable |
|
|
|
3142 sd0: 60906MB, 512 bytes/sector, 124735488 sectors |
|
|
|
3143 vscsi0 at root |
|
|
|
3144 scsibus1 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
|
|
3145 softraid0 at root |
|
|
|
3146 scsibus2 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
|
|
3147 bootfile: sd0a:/bsd |
|
|
|
3148 boot device: sd0 |
|
|
|
3149 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>1fbfe51d132e41c0.a<span class="o">)</span> swap on sd0b dump on sd0b |
|
|
|
3150 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3151 |
|
|
|
3152 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3153 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3154 <![CDATA[Running the OpenBSD/arm64 port on the NanoPi NEO2]]> |
|
|
|
3155 </summary> |
|
|
|
3156 |
|
|
|
3157 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
3158 <category term="ARM" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/arm"/> |
|
|
|
3159 </entry> |
|
|
|
3160 <entry> |
|
|
|
3161 <title><![CDATA[Spleen - Monospaced bitmap fonts]]></title> |
|
|
|
3162 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/spleen-monospaced-bitmap-fonts/"/> |
|
|
|
3163 <id>https://www.cambus.net/spleen-monospaced-bitmap-fonts/</id> |
|
|
|
3164 <published>2018-09-19T15:45:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3165 <updated>2018-09-19T15:45:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3166 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Spleen started as a personal challenge. Patrick Wildt (patrick@) recently |
|
|
|
3167 imported <strong>ssdfb(4)</strong>, a driver for small <strong>OLED displays</strong> in OpenBSD and |
|
|
|
3168 needed a 5x8 font to be able to squeeze more columns and rows on those |
|
|
|
3169 devices.</p> |
|
|
|
3170 |
|
|
|
3171 <p>As someone spending most of his time in a terminal, I have been thinking about |
|
|
|
3172 drawing my own font for a while, and this was the perfect opportunity.</p> |
|
|
|
3173 |
|
|
|
3174 <p>To be able to test character spacing and alignment, I started to use the font |
|
|
|
3175 in <strong>xterm</strong>, then a zoomed version, and one thing leading to another, I |
|
|
|
3176 started creating a 8x16 version, and then bigger versions based on it. Spleen |
|
|
|
3177 is now available in 5 sizes: 5x8, 8x16, 12x24, 16x32, and 32x64.</p> |
|
|
|
3178 |
|
|
|
3179 <p>Fonts are provided in the Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format (<strong>BDF</strong>), and in |
|
|
|
3180 the <strong>.dfont</strong> format for Macintosh users. All sizes contain all ISO/IEC 8859-1 |
|
|
|
3181 characters, except for the 5x8 version which only contains printable ASCII |
|
|
|
3182 characters.</p> |
|
|
|
3183 |
|
|
|
3184 <p>The fonts are available on <a href="https://github.com/fcambus/spleen">GitHub</a>, along with some instructions on how |
|
|
|
3185 to install and use them.</p> |
|
|
|
3186 |
|
|
|
3187 <p>Here is a screenshot showing the 16x32 version displaying code:</p> |
|
|
|
3188 |
|
|
|
3189 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2018/09/spleen-hello.png" alt="Spleen - Hello" /></p> |
|
|
|
3190 |
|
|
|
3191 <p>And again the 16x32 version showing prose:</p> |
|
|
|
3192 |
|
|
|
3193 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2018/09/spleen-etranger.png" alt="Spleen - L'etranger" /></p> |
|
|
|
3194 |
|
|
|
3195 <p>Looking ahead, my immediate plans are to continue improving glyphs themselves |
|
|
|
3196 as well as characters spacing and alignment. This comes through extensive |
|
|
|
3197 everyday use of the various font sizes. Another short term goal is to add |
|
|
|
3198 support for Central European languages, with Polish being the immediate |
|
|
|
3199 priority.</p> |
|
|
|
3200 |
|
|
|
3201 <p>Meanwhile, I'm working on getting packages created for operating systems, and |
|
|
|
3202 I just imported the OpenBSD port for Spleen this morning.</p> |
|
|
|
3203 |
|
|
|
3204 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3205 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3206 <![CDATA[Introducing Spleen, a monospaced bitmap font for consoles and terminals]]> |
|
|
|
3207 </summary> |
|
|
|
3208 |
|
|
|
3209 <category term="Type Design" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/type-design"/> |
|
|
|
3210 </entry> |
|
|
|
3211 <entry> |
|
|
|
3212 <title><![CDATA[The future of VIA x86 processors]]></title> |
|
|
|
3213 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-future-of-via-x86-processors/"/> |
|
|
|
3214 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-future-of-via-x86-processors/</id> |
|
|
|
3215 <published>2018-07-30T18:08:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3216 <updated>2018-07-30T18:08:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3217 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been interested in <strong>VIA</strong> motherboards and CPUs ever since they came |
|
|
|
3218 up with the <strong>Mini-ITX</strong> standard in the very early 2000s. Their approach |
|
|
|
3219 of bringing fanless and power-efficient designs to the x86 market was |
|
|
|
3220 groundbreaking at the time.</p> |
|
|
|
3221 |
|
|
|
3222 <p>VIA processors are designed by <strong>Centaur Technology</strong>, and there is an |
|
|
|
3223 excellent documentary entitled "<a href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/riseofthecentaur">Rise of the Centaur</a>" retracing their |
|
|
|
3224 history, which I really enjoyed watching.</p> |
|
|
|
3225 |
|
|
|
3226 <p>It's unfortunately very difficult to find information about recent VIA x86 |
|
|
|
3227 CPUs. The VIA QuadCore, their latest one, was <a href="https://www.viatech.com/en/2011/05/via-announces-new-via-quadcore-processor/">announced</a> in May 2011, |
|
|
|
3228 and it remains an open question whether there will be newer ones or not, |
|
|
|
3229 as the company seems to be focusing on the ARM architecture.</p> |
|
|
|
3230 |
|
|
|
3231 <p>In fact, the status of VIA's x86 licensing agreement is quite unclear. There |
|
|
|
3232 was an <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2010/08/ftc-settles-charges-anticompetitive-conduct-against-intel">FTC ruling against Intel</a> in 2010 specifying that a five years |
|
|
|
3233 extension should be offered to VIA once the ongoing agreement would expire |
|
|
|
3234 in 2013, and that the agreement should be modified to allow VIA (among other |
|
|
|
3235 companies) to consider mergers or joint ventures. The latter being the way |
|
|
|
3236 VIA apparently took, which gave birth to <a href="http://www.zhaoxin.com/">Zhaoxin</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
3237 |
|
|
|
3238 <p>Some information in English about <strong>Zhaoxin x86 CPUs</strong> is available on |
|
|
|
3239 <a href="https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/zhaoxin">WikiChip</a>. However, those CPUs seem to only be available within China. |
|
|
|
3240 For now?</p> |
|
|
|
3241 |
|
|
|
3242 <p>Given the current state of affairs on the x86 market (Intel ME, AMD Secure |
|
|
|
3243 Technology, Meltdown, Spectre) and upcoming vulnerabilities announcements |
|
|
|
3244 lurking on the horizon, there is definitely a spot for alternative x86 |
|
|
|
3245 processors.</p> |
|
|
|
3246 |
|
|
|
3247 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3248 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3249 <![CDATA[Past, present, and future of VIA x86 processors]]> |
|
|
|
3250 </summary> |
|
|
|
3251 |
|
|
|
3252 <category term="Hardware" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/hardware"/> |
|
|
|
3253 </entry> |
|
|
|
3254 <entry> |
|
|
|
3255 <title><![CDATA[Oldest domains in the .com, .net, and .org TLDs]]></title> |
|
|
|
3256 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/oldest-domains-in-the-com-net-and-org-tlds/"/> |
|
|
|
3257 <id>https://www.cambus.net/oldest-domains-in-the-com-net-and-org-tlds/</id> |
|
|
|
3258 <published>2018-06-26T15:57:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3259 <updated>2018-06-26T15:57:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3260 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>As someone interested in <strong>DNS</strong> and <strong>Internet history</strong>, I've always been |
|
|
|
3261 enjoying facts and articles about early registered domain names. Wikipedia |
|
|
|
3262 has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names">page</a> on the subject, but the list is extremely short for .net |
|
|
|
3263 and .org domains.</p> |
|
|
|
3264 |
|
|
|
3265 <p>Using the <strong>DDN NIC domain summaries</strong>, it shouldn't be too difficult to |
|
|
|
3266 extract a list of domains, <strong>perform whois queries</strong> to get registration |
|
|
|
3267 dates, and sort the results. Let's find out.</p> |
|
|
|
3268 |
|
|
|
3269 <p>For the record, the oldest issue I could find, dating from December 1987, |
|
|
|
3270 doesn't list nordu.net, the first .net domain ever registered. So I opted |
|
|
|
3271 for the <a href="https://www.statdns.com/files/domain-info-19950813.txt">August 1995 edition</a> to be on the safe side. While I could also |
|
|
|
3272 find an issue from 1996, there are a lot more domains listed so the whois |
|
|
|
3273 lookups would take a lot more time, for no evident benefit.</p> |
|
|
|
3274 |
|
|
|
3275 <h3 id="preparing-the-domain-lists">Preparing the domain lists</h3> |
|
|
|
3276 |
|
|
|
3277 <p>After manually splitting the file to get rid of the TLDs we are not interested |
|
|
|
3278 in, we save them in a distinct file for each TLD.</p> |
|
|
|
3279 |
|
|
|
3280 <p>Then, we need to process the lists so that each domain is on its own line, and |
|
|
|
3281 we strip the eventual subdomains with rev using a neat trick:</p> |
|
|
|
3282 |
|
|
|
3283 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">tr</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> <span class="s2">"[[:blank:]]"</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span> < com | <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
3284 rev | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span> <span class="nt">-f</span> 1 <span class="nt">-f</span> 2 | rev | <span class="nb">sort</span> | <span class="nb">uniq</span> <span class="o">></span> com.txt |
|
|
|
3285 |
|
|
|
3286 <span class="nb">tr</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> <span class="s2">"[[:blank:]]"</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span> < net | <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
3287 rev | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span> <span class="nt">-f</span> 1 <span class="nt">-f</span> 2 | rev | <span class="nb">sort</span> | <span class="nb">uniq</span> <span class="o">></span> net.txt |
|
|
|
3288 |
|
|
|
3289 <span class="nb">tr</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> <span class="s2">"[[:blank:]]"</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span> < org | <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
3290 rev | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span> <span class="nt">-f</span> 1 <span class="nt">-f</span> 2 | rev | <span class="nb">sort</span> | <span class="nb">uniq</span> <span class="o">></span> org.txt |
|
|
|
3291 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3292 |
|
|
|
3293 <h3 id="performing-whois-requests">Performing whois requests</h3> |
|
|
|
3294 |
|
|
|
3295 <p>Internic whois server allows to query domains in the .com and .net TLDs without |
|
|
|
3296 imposing any drastic rate limit, albeit slowly. As our corpus is rather short, |
|
|
|
3297 this isn't an issue.</p> |
|
|
|
3298 |
|
|
|
3299 <p>Whois script for .com and .net domains:</p> |
|
|
|
3300 |
|
|
|
3301 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">#!/bin/sh</span> |
|
|
|
3302 <span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">read </span>domain |
|
|
|
3303 <span class="k">do |
|
|
|
3304 </span><span class="nv">creation_date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="si">$(</span>whois <span class="nt">-h</span> whois.internic.net <span class="nv">$domain</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$domain</span> | |
|
|
|
3305 <span class="nb">grep</span> <span class="s2">" Creation Date:"</span> | <span class="nb">uniq</span> | <span class="nb">sed</span> <span class="nt">-e</span> <span class="s1">'s/Creation Date://'</span><span class="si">)</span> |
|
|
|
3306 |
|
|
|
3307 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nt">-z</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="nv">$creation_date</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">then |
|
|
|
3308 </span><span class="nb">date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="si">$(</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$creation_date</span> | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span class="s1">'T'</span> <span class="nt">-f</span> 1 -<span class="si">)</span> |
|
|
|
3309 <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$date</span> <span class="nv">$domain</span> |
|
|
|
3310 <span class="k">fi</span> |
|
|
|
3311 |
|
|
|
3312 <span class="c"># Wait one second to avoid triggering rate-limiting mechanisms</span> |
|
|
|
3313 <span class="nb">sleep </span>1 |
|
|
|
3314 <span class="k">done</span> < <span class="nv">$1</span> |
|
|
|
3315 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3316 |
|
|
|
3317 <p>On the other hand, the Public Interest Registry whois server only allows 4 |
|
|
|
3318 queries per minute, so we have to sleep for a little while between each |
|
|
|
3319 request.</p> |
|
|
|
3320 |
|
|
|
3321 <p>Whois script for .org domains:</p> |
|
|
|
3322 |
|
|
|
3323 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">#!/bin/sh</span> |
|
|
|
3324 <span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">read </span>domain |
|
|
|
3325 <span class="k">do |
|
|
|
3326 </span><span class="nv">creation_date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="si">$(</span>whois <span class="nv">$domain</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$domain</span> | <span class="nb">grep</span> <span class="s2">"Creation Date:"</span> | |
|
|
|
3327 <span class="nb">uniq</span> | <span class="nb">sed</span> <span class="nt">-e</span> <span class="s1">'s/Creation Date://'</span><span class="si">)</span> |
|
|
|
3328 |
|
|
|
3329 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nt">-z</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="nv">$creation_date</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">then |
|
|
|
3330 </span><span class="nb">date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="si">$(</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$creation_date</span> | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span class="s1">'T'</span> <span class="nt">-f</span> 1 -<span class="si">)</span> |
|
|
|
3331 <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$date</span> <span class="nv">$domain</span> |
|
|
|
3332 <span class="k">fi</span> |
|
|
|
3333 |
|
|
|
3334 <span class="c"># Wait thirty seconds to avoid triggering rate-limiting mechanisms</span> |
|
|
|
3335 <span class="nb">sleep </span>30 |
|
|
|
3336 <span class="k">done</span> < <span class="nv">$1</span> |
|
|
|
3337 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3338 |
|
|
|
3339 <p>We can now launch the scripts to perform whois requests:</p> |
|
|
|
3340 |
|
|
|
3341 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>sh internic.sh com.txt <span class="o">></span> com.dates.txt |
|
|
|
3342 sh internic.sh net.txt <span class="o">></span> net.dates.txt |
|
|
|
3343 sh pir.sh org.txt <span class="o">></span> org.dates.txt |
|
|
|
3344 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3345 |
|
|
|
3346 <p>And finally sort results and keep the 100 oldest domains for each TLD:</p> |
|
|
|
3347 |
|
|
|
3348 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">sort </span>com.dates.txt | <span class="nb">head</span> <span class="nt">-n100</span> |
|
|
|
3349 <span class="nb">sort </span>net.dates.txt | <span class="nb">head</span> <span class="nt">-n100</span> |
|
|
|
3350 <span class="nb">sort </span>org.dates.txt | <span class="nb">head</span> <span class="nt">-n100</span> |
|
|
|
3351 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3352 |
|
|
|
3353 <h3 id="results">Results</h3> |
|
|
|
3354 |
|
|
|
3355 <p>Oldest registered <strong>.com</strong> domains:</p> |
|
|
|
3356 |
|
|
|
3357 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>1985-03-15 symbolics.com |
|
|
|
3358 1985-04-24 bbn.com |
|
|
|
3359 1985-05-24 think.com |
|
|
|
3360 1985-07-11 mcc.com |
|
|
|
3361 1985-09-30 dec.com |
|
|
|
3362 1985-11-07 northrop.com |
|
|
|
3363 1986-01-09 xerox.com |
|
|
|
3364 1986-01-17 sri.com |
|
|
|
3365 1986-03-03 hp.com |
|
|
|
3366 1986-03-05 bellcore.com |
|
|
|
3367 1986-03-19 ibm.com |
|
|
|
3368 1986-03-19 sun.com |
|
|
|
3369 1986-03-25 intel.com |
|
|
|
3370 1986-03-25 ti.com |
|
|
|
3371 1986-04-25 att.com |
|
|
|
3372 1986-05-08 gmr.com |
|
|
|
3373 1986-05-08 tek.com |
|
|
|
3374 1986-07-10 fmc.com |
|
|
|
3375 1986-07-10 ub.com |
|
|
|
3376 1986-08-05 bell-atl.com |
|
|
|
3377 1986-08-05 ge.com |
|
|
|
3378 1986-08-05 grebyn.com |
|
|
|
3379 1986-08-05 isc.com |
|
|
|
3380 1986-08-05 nsc.com |
|
|
|
3381 1986-08-05 stargate.com |
|
|
|
3382 1986-09-02 boeing.com |
|
|
|
3383 1986-09-18 itcorp.com |
|
|
|
3384 1986-09-29 siemens.com |
|
|
|
3385 1986-10-18 pyramid.com |
|
|
|
3386 1986-10-27 alphacdc.com |
|
|
|
3387 1986-10-27 bdm.com |
|
|
|
3388 1986-10-27 fluke.com |
|
|
|
3389 1986-10-27 inmet.com |
|
|
|
3390 1986-10-27 kesmai.com |
|
|
|
3391 1986-10-27 mentor.com |
|
|
|
3392 1986-10-27 nec.com |
|
|
|
3393 1986-10-27 ray.com |
|
|
|
3394 1986-10-27 rosemount.com |
|
|
|
3395 1986-10-27 vortex.com |
|
|
|
3396 1986-11-05 alcoa.com |
|
|
|
3397 1986-11-05 gte.com |
|
|
|
3398 1986-11-17 adobe.com |
|
|
|
3399 1986-11-17 amd.com |
|
|
|
3400 1986-11-17 das.com |
|
|
|
3401 1986-11-17 data-io.com |
|
|
|
3402 1986-11-17 octopus.com |
|
|
|
3403 1986-11-17 portal.com |
|
|
|
3404 1986-11-17 teltone.com |
|
|
|
3405 1986-12-11 3com.com |
|
|
|
3406 1986-12-11 amdahl.com |
|
|
|
3407 1986-12-11 ccur.com |
|
|
|
3408 1986-12-11 ci.com |
|
|
|
3409 1986-12-11 convergent.com |
|
|
|
3410 1986-12-11 dg.com |
|
|
|
3411 1986-12-11 peregrine.com |
|
|
|
3412 1986-12-11 quad.com |
|
|
|
3413 1986-12-11 sq.com |
|
|
|
3414 1986-12-11 tandy.com |
|
|
|
3415 1986-12-11 tti.com |
|
|
|
3416 1986-12-11 unisys.com |
|
|
|
3417 1987-01-19 cgi.com |
|
|
|
3418 1987-01-19 cts.com |
|
|
|
3419 1987-01-19 spdcc.com |
|
|
|
3420 1987-02-19 apple.com |
|
|
|
3421 1987-03-04 nma.com |
|
|
|
3422 1987-03-04 prime.com |
|
|
|
3423 1987-04-04 philips.com |
|
|
|
3424 1987-04-23 datacube.com |
|
|
|
3425 1987-04-23 kai.com |
|
|
|
3426 1987-04-23 tic.com |
|
|
|
3427 1987-04-23 vine.com |
|
|
|
3428 1987-04-30 ncr.com |
|
|
|
3429 1987-05-14 cisco.com |
|
|
|
3430 1987-05-14 rdl.com |
|
|
|
3431 1987-05-20 slb.com |
|
|
|
3432 1987-05-27 parcplace.com |
|
|
|
3433 1987-05-27 utc.com |
|
|
|
3434 1987-06-26 ide.com |
|
|
|
3435 1987-07-09 trw.com |
|
|
|
3436 1987-07-13 unipress.com |
|
|
|
3437 1987-07-27 dupont.com |
|
|
|
3438 1987-07-27 lockheed.com |
|
|
|
3439 1987-07-28 rosetta.com |
|
|
|
3440 1987-08-18 toad.com |
|
|
|
3441 1987-08-31 quick.com |
|
|
|
3442 1987-09-03 allied.com |
|
|
|
3443 1987-09-03 dsc.com |
|
|
|
3444 1987-09-03 sco.com |
|
|
|
3445 1987-09-22 gene.com |
|
|
|
3446 1987-09-22 kccs.com |
|
|
|
3447 1987-09-22 spectra.com |
|
|
|
3448 1987-09-22 wlk.com |
|
|
|
3449 1987-09-30 mentat.com |
|
|
|
3450 1987-10-14 wyse.com |
|
|
|
3451 1987-11-02 cfg.com |
|
|
|
3452 1987-11-09 marble.com |
|
|
|
3453 1987-11-16 cayman.com |
|
|
|
3454 1987-11-16 entity.com |
|
|
|
3455 1987-11-24 ksr.com |
|
|
|
3456 1987-11-30 nynexst.com |
|
|
|
3457 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3458 |
|
|
|
3459 <p>Oldest registered <strong>.net</strong> domains:</p> |
|
|
|
3460 |
|
|
|
3461 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>1985-01-01 nordu.net |
|
|
|
3462 1986-04-01 broken.net |
|
|
|
3463 1986-11-05 nsf.net |
|
|
|
3464 1987-01-27 nyser.net |
|
|
|
3465 1987-05-20 uu.net |
|
|
|
3466 1987-07-21 sesqui.net |
|
|
|
3467 1988-05-25 mr.net |
|
|
|
3468 1988-06-09 oar.net |
|
|
|
3469 1988-07-08 sura.net |
|
|
|
3470 1988-09-07 the.net |
|
|
|
3471 1988-09-16 nwnet.net |
|
|
|
3472 1988-10-21 es.net |
|
|
|
3473 1988-10-25 mid.net |
|
|
|
3474 1989-01-04 barrnet.net |
|
|
|
3475 1989-01-05 cic.net |
|
|
|
3476 1989-01-27 hawaii.net |
|
|
|
3477 1989-03-07 psi.net |
|
|
|
3478 1989-03-27 near.net |
|
|
|
3479 1989-04-11 eu.net |
|
|
|
3480 1989-06-29 ln.net |
|
|
|
3481 1989-09-12 sub.net |
|
|
|
3482 1989-09-14 westnet.net |
|
|
|
3483 1989-11-06 cypress.net |
|
|
|
3484 1989-11-15 cerf.net |
|
|
|
3485 1989-11-17 risq.net |
|
|
|
3486 1990-02-09 ca.net |
|
|
|
3487 1990-05-21 wiscnet.net |
|
|
|
3488 1990-07-25 cent.net |
|
|
|
3489 1990-07-26 alter.net |
|
|
|
3490 1990-09-27 ans.net |
|
|
|
3491 1990-11-07 mich.net |
|
|
|
3492 1991-02-26 hk.net |
|
|
|
3493 1991-04-10 cix.net |
|
|
|
3494 1991-04-11 team.net |
|
|
|
3495 1991-05-07 five-colleges.net |
|
|
|
3496 1991-05-17 ja.net |
|
|
|
3497 1991-06-03 illinois.net |
|
|
|
3498 1991-06-20 more.net |
|
|
|
3499 1991-06-24 ohio-dmz.net |
|
|
|
3500 1991-07-08 icp.net |
|
|
|
3501 1991-08-07 swip.net |
|
|
|
3502 1991-08-15 michnet.net |
|
|
|
3503 1991-11-29 notes.net |
|
|
|
3504 1991-12-10 merit.net |
|
|
|
3505 1991-12-31 mu.net |
|
|
|
3506 1992-01-17 first.net |
|
|
|
3507 1992-02-17 ebone.net |
|
|
|
3508 1992-02-19 holonet.net |
|
|
|
3509 1992-02-25 ripe.net |
|
|
|
3510 1992-03-24 csn.net |
|
|
|
3511 1992-04-06 mcast.net |
|
|
|
3512 1992-04-08 life.net |
|
|
|
3513 1992-04-20 rahul.net |
|
|
|
3514 1992-04-21 cyber.net |
|
|
|
3515 1992-05-11 sprintlink.net |
|
|
|
3516 1992-05-18 ids.net |
|
|
|
3517 1992-05-21 q.net |
|
|
|
3518 1992-06-01 netconnect.net |
|
|
|
3519 1992-07-07 use.net |
|
|
|
3520 1992-07-16 tip.net |
|
|
|
3521 1992-07-27 capcon.net |
|
|
|
3522 1992-07-27 nexsys.net |
|
|
|
3523 1992-07-29 umass.net |
|
|
|
3524 1992-07-31 solinet.net |
|
|
|
3525 1992-08-06 fish.net |
|
|
|
3526 1992-08-18 ps.net |
|
|
|
3527 1992-09-10 eds.net |
|
|
|
3528 1992-09-18 lig.net |
|
|
|
3529 1992-10-01 ix.net |
|
|
|
3530 1992-10-19 aol.net |
|
|
|
3531 1992-10-30 win.net |
|
|
|
3532 1992-11-02 cren.net |
|
|
|
3533 1992-11-03 path.net |
|
|
|
3534 1992-11-04 quake.net |
|
|
|
3535 1992-11-20 access.net |
|
|
|
3536 1992-11-20 tsoft.net |
|
|
|
3537 1992-11-23 inter.net |
|
|
|
3538 1992-11-30 individual.net |
|
|
|
3539 1992-12-04 raider.net |
|
|
|
3540 1992-12-09 europa.net |
|
|
|
3541 1992-12-21 demon.net |
|
|
|
3542 1992-12-22 press.net |
|
|
|
3543 1992-12-23 bc.net |
|
|
|
3544 1993-01-01 internic.net |
|
|
|
3545 1993-01-04 cls.net |
|
|
|
3546 1993-01-20 sam.net |
|
|
|
3547 1993-02-09 kanren.net |
|
|
|
3548 1993-02-11 ubs.net |
|
|
|
3549 1993-02-15 digex.net |
|
|
|
3550 1993-02-15 mobilecomm.net |
|
|
|
3551 1993-02-17 xlink.net |
|
|
|
3552 1993-02-18 fr.net |
|
|
|
3553 1993-03-03 onenet.net |
|
|
|
3554 1993-03-08 aco.net |
|
|
|
3555 1993-03-24 clark.net |
|
|
|
3556 1993-03-24 olympus.net |
|
|
|
3557 1993-03-24 satlink.net |
|
|
|
3558 1993-04-02 netcom.net |
|
|
|
3559 1993-04-07 nl.net |
|
|
|
3560 1993-04-13 ins.net |
|
|
|
3561 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3562 |
|
|
|
3563 <p>Oldest registered <strong>.org</strong> domains:</p> |
|
|
|
3564 |
|
|
|
3565 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>1985-07-10 mitre.org |
|
|
|
3566 1986-03-25 src.org |
|
|
|
3567 1986-07-10 super.org |
|
|
|
3568 1987-01-07 aero.org |
|
|
|
3569 1987-01-15 mcnc.org |
|
|
|
3570 1987-04-02 rand.org |
|
|
|
3571 1987-04-04 mn.org |
|
|
|
3572 1987-05-01 rti.org |
|
|
|
3573 1987-07-14 usenix.org |
|
|
|
3574 1987-09-03 software.org |
|
|
|
3575 1988-02-25 fidonet.org |
|
|
|
3576 1988-04-27 ampr.org |
|
|
|
3577 1988-08-04 osf.org |
|
|
|
3578 1988-08-11 ida.org |
|
|
|
3579 1988-09-09 cactus.org |
|
|
|
3580 1988-09-09 nm.org |
|
|
|
3581 1988-09-22 ccf.org |
|
|
|
3582 1988-10-21 erim.org |
|
|
|
3583 1988-11-11 ski.org |
|
|
|
3584 1988-11-30 iti.org |
|
|
|
3585 1989-01-11 jax.org |
|
|
|
3586 1989-01-13 ncsc.org |
|
|
|
3587 1989-02-09 aaai.org |
|
|
|
3588 1989-02-24 ie.org |
|
|
|
3589 1989-03-29 stjude.org |
|
|
|
3590 1989-04-11 mbari.org |
|
|
|
3591 1989-05-24 castle.org |
|
|
|
3592 1989-06-07 carl.org |
|
|
|
3593 1989-06-27 msri.org |
|
|
|
3594 1989-07-15 agi.org |
|
|
|
3595 1989-07-17 sf-bay.org |
|
|
|
3596 1989-07-31 mef.org |
|
|
|
3597 1989-08-11 oclc.org |
|
|
|
3598 1989-08-23 ei.org |
|
|
|
3599 1989-09-05 cas.org |
|
|
|
3600 1989-09-11 battelle.org |
|
|
|
3601 1989-09-12 sub.org |
|
|
|
3602 1989-09-21 aip.org |
|
|
|
3603 1989-09-28 sdpa.org |
|
|
|
3604 1989-11-08 lonestar.org |
|
|
|
3605 1989-12-01 ieee.org |
|
|
|
3606 1990-01-10 cit.org |
|
|
|
3607 1990-01-22 sematech.org |
|
|
|
3608 1990-02-07 omg.org |
|
|
|
3609 1990-02-12 decus.org |
|
|
|
3610 1990-03-13 sublink.org |
|
|
|
3611 1990-03-16 cam.org |
|
|
|
3612 1990-03-20 cpl.org |
|
|
|
3613 1990-04-10 ori.org |
|
|
|
3614 1990-04-13 fhcrc.org |
|
|
|
3615 1990-05-16 nwf.org |
|
|
|
3616 1990-05-18 mskcc.org |
|
|
|
3617 1990-05-23 boystown.org |
|
|
|
3618 1990-05-24 bwc.org |
|
|
|
3619 1990-05-31 topsail.org |
|
|
|
3620 1990-06-28 ciit.org |
|
|
|
3621 1990-07-17 central.org |
|
|
|
3622 1990-07-27 mind.org |
|
|
|
3623 1990-08-03 stonemarche.org |
|
|
|
3624 1990-08-28 cshl.org |
|
|
|
3625 1990-08-30 fstrf.org |
|
|
|
3626 1990-09-12 dorsai.org |
|
|
|
3627 1990-09-14 elf.org |
|
|
|
3628 1990-09-18 siggraph.org |
|
|
|
3629 1990-09-21 sjh.org |
|
|
|
3630 1990-09-27 igc.org |
|
|
|
3631 1990-10-10 cotdazr.org |
|
|
|
3632 1990-10-10 eff.org |
|
|
|
3633 1990-10-10 sfn.org |
|
|
|
3634 1990-10-31 csn.org |
|
|
|
3635 1990-11-01 sfbr.org |
|
|
|
3636 1990-11-07 ais.org |
|
|
|
3637 1990-11-07 hjf.org |
|
|
|
3638 1991-01-04 uniforum.org |
|
|
|
3639 1991-01-04 wgbh.org |
|
|
|
3640 1991-02-01 fsf.org |
|
|
|
3641 1991-02-06 eso.org |
|
|
|
3642 1991-02-06 tiaa.org |
|
|
|
3643 1991-02-13 nysernet.org |
|
|
|
3644 1991-02-20 acr.org |
|
|
|
3645 1991-02-26 nybc.org |
|
|
|
3646 1991-02-26 nypl.org |
|
|
|
3647 1991-04-10 cnytdo.org |
|
|
|
3648 1991-04-10 htr.org |
|
|
|
3649 1991-04-10 hvtdc.org |
|
|
|
3650 1991-04-10 nycp.org |
|
|
|
3651 1991-04-11 bpl.org |
|
|
|
3652 1991-04-11 scra.org |
|
|
|
3653 1991-04-12 amnh.org |
|
|
|
3654 1991-04-15 hellnet.org |
|
|
|
3655 1991-04-15 sil.org |
|
|
|
3656 1991-04-18 apc.org |
|
|
|
3657 1991-04-22 mobot.org |
|
|
|
3658 1991-04-25 cni.org |
|
|
|
3659 1991-05-01 gumption.org |
|
|
|
3660 1991-05-02 hslc.org |
|
|
|
3661 1991-05-13 guild.org |
|
|
|
3662 1991-05-22 acs.org |
|
|
|
3663 1991-05-22 lpl.org |
|
|
|
3664 1991-05-22 rsage.org |
|
|
|
3665 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3666 |
|
|
|
3667 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3668 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3669 <![CDATA[Oldest registered domain names in the .com, .net, and .org top-level domains]]> |
|
|
|
3670 </summary> |
|
|
|
3671 |
|
|
|
3672 <category term="DNS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/dns"/> |
|
|
|
3673 </entry> |
|
|
|
3674 <entry> |
|
|
|
3675 <title><![CDATA[Booting OpenBSD kernels in EFI mode with QEMU]]></title> |
|
|
|
3676 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/booting-openbsd-kernels-in-efi-mode-with-qemu/"/> |
|
|
|
3677 <id>https://www.cambus.net/booting-openbsd-kernels-in-efi-mode-with-qemu/</id> |
|
|
|
3678 <published>2018-06-24T11:50:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3679 <updated>2018-06-24T11:50:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3680 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been working on stuff involving the EFI framebuffer lately, and needed a |
|
|
|
3681 way to quickly test kernels without having to reboot my development machine |
|
|
|
3682 each and every time.</p> |
|
|
|
3683 |
|
|
|
3684 <p>As it turns out, it's possible to achieve using <strong>OVMF</strong> (Open Virtual Machine |
|
|
|
3685 Firmware), a BSD licensed <strong>UEFI firmware implementation</strong> targeted at virtual |
|
|
|
3686 machines. A prebuilt image can be downloaded <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/edk2/files/OVMF/OVMF-X64-r15214.zip/download">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
3687 |
|
|
|
3688 <p>We will need to create two drives:</p> |
|
|
|
3689 |
|
|
|
3690 <ul> |
|
|
|
3691 <li>One drive using a FAT filesystem to store the EFI payload (the OpenBSD |
|
|
|
3692 bootloader)</li> |
|
|
|
3693 <li>Another drive using a FFS filesystem containing the OpenBSD kernel</li> |
|
|
|
3694 </ul> |
|
|
|
3695 |
|
|
|
3696 <p>Thankfully, QEMU allows to create virtual drives with FAT filesystems from |
|
|
|
3697 local directories, and we can easily create an FFS filesystem image using |
|
|
|
3698 <strong>makefs(8)</strong>.</p> |
|
|
|
3699 |
|
|
|
3700 <p>We will start by creating a directory structure:</p> |
|
|
|
3701 |
|
|
|
3702 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">mkdir</span> <span class="nt">-p</span> bootloader/efi/boot |
|
|
|
3703 <span class="nb">mkdir</span> <span class="nt">-p</span> kernel/etc |
|
|
|
3704 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3705 |
|
|
|
3706 <p>We then copy the OpenBSD <strong>EFI bootloader</strong>:</p> |
|
|
|
3707 |
|
|
|
3708 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">cp</span> /usr/mdec/BOOTX64.EFI bootloader/efi/boot |
|
|
|
3709 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3710 |
|
|
|
3711 <p>Alternatively, an OpenBSD EFI bootloader can be downloaded <a href="https://fastly.cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/amd64/BOOTX64.EFI">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
3712 |
|
|
|
3713 <p>Then, we need to place the EFI firmware image at the root of our directory, and |
|
|
|
3714 the OpenBSD kernel we want to boot in the kernel directory.</p> |
|
|
|
3715 |
|
|
|
3716 <p>The directory structure should look as follow:</p> |
|
|
|
3717 |
|
|
|
3718 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>OVMF.fd |
|
|
|
3719 bootloader |
|
|
|
3720 bootloader/efi |
|
|
|
3721 bootloader/efi/boot |
|
|
|
3722 bootloader/efi/boot/BOOTX64.EFI |
|
|
|
3723 kernel |
|
|
|
3724 kernel/etc |
|
|
|
3725 kernel/bsd |
|
|
|
3726 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3727 |
|
|
|
3728 <p>We can now create the <strong>random.seed</strong> file and build the FFS filesystem image:</p> |
|
|
|
3729 |
|
|
|
3730 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nb">dd </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="o">=</span>/dev/random <span class="nv">of</span><span class="o">=</span>kernel/etc/random.seed <span class="nv">bs</span><span class="o">=</span>512 <span class="nv">count</span><span class="o">=</span>1 |
|
|
|
3731 makefs <span class="nt">-t</span> ffs kernel.img kernel |
|
|
|
3732 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3733 |
|
|
|
3734 <p>Finally, let's start QEMU:</p> |
|
|
|
3735 |
|
|
|
3736 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>qemu-system-x86_64 <span class="nt">-s</span> <span class="nt">--bios</span> OVMF.fd <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
3737 <span class="nt">-drive</span> <span class="nv">format</span><span class="o">=</span>raw,file<span class="o">=</span>fat:rw:bootloader,media<span class="o">=</span>disk <span class="se">\</span> |
|
|
|
3738 <span class="nt">-drive</span> <span class="nv">format</span><span class="o">=</span>raw,file<span class="o">=</span>kernel.img,media<span class="o">=</span>disk |
|
|
|
3739 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3740 |
|
|
|
3741 <p>And boot our kernel:</p> |
|
|
|
3742 |
|
|
|
3743 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>boot> boot hd1a:/bsd |
|
|
|
3744 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3745 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3746 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3747 <![CDATA[Some notes on booting an OpenBSD kernel in EFI mode with QEMU using OVMF]]> |
|
|
|
3748 </summary> |
|
|
|
3749 |
|
|
|
3750 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
|
|
|
3751 </entry> |
|
|
|
3752 <entry> |
|
|
|
3753 <title><![CDATA[The journey back to C]]></title> |
|
|
|
3754 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-journey-back-to-c/"/> |
|
|
|
3755 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-journey-back-to-c/</id> |
|
|
|
3756 <published>2018-02-21T13:10:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3757 <updated>2018-02-21T13:10:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3758 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>A few months ago, I realized that I would be celebrating 20 years of C |
|
|
|
3759 programming this February. Although I had several few years of hiatuses back |
|
|
|
3760 and then, that's still a very long period for a single language.</p> |
|
|
|
3761 |
|
|
|
3762 <p>My journey back to C started in the spring of 2015, out of envy to scratch |
|
|
|
3763 a long time itch and write a Web log analyzer. I found <a href="http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/101/">Essential C</a> to |
|
|
|
3764 be a great refresher, which got me motivated and <a href="https://www.logswan.org">Logswan</a> happened.</p> |
|
|
|
3765 |
|
|
|
3766 <p>Fast forward to the fall of 2017, when I decided to finally tackle the |
|
|
|
3767 pile of material I collected and printed over the year. This started with |
|
|
|
3768 <a href="http://www.literateprogramming.com/ctraps.pdf">C Traps and Pitfalls</a>, then the free <a href="https://trailofbits.github.io/ctf/vulnerabilities/references/Dowd_ch06.pdf">C Language Issues</a> chapter |
|
|
|
3769 from TAOSSA, and I'm currently reading and enjoying <a href="https://gforge.inria.fr/frs/download.php/latestfile/5298/ModernC.pdf">Modern C</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
3770 |
|
|
|
3771 <p>Meanwhile, I've been reading <a href="https://greenteapress.com/thinkos/">Think OS</a> and I will continue the journey |
|
|
|
3772 with <a href="http://www.apuebook.com/">Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment</a> before devoting myself |
|
|
|
3773 to more material about operating systems.</p> |
|
|
|
3774 |
|
|
|
3775 <p>Languages come and go, but C is forever.</p> |
|
|
|
3776 |
|
|
|
3777 ]]></content> |
|
|
|
3778 <summary type="html"> |
|
|
|
3779 <![CDATA[My journey back to C, through reading and practice]]> |
|
|
|
3780 </summary> |
|
|
|
3781 |
|
|
|
3782 <category term="C" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/c"/> |
|
|
|
3783 </entry> |
|
|
|
3784 <entry> |
|
|
|
3785 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/octeon on the EdgeRouter Lite]]></title> |
|
|
|
3786 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-octeon-on-the-edgerouter-lite/"/> |
|
|
|
3787 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-octeon-on-the-edgerouter-lite/</id> |
|
|
|
3788 <published>2017-08-24T22:45:00Z</published> |
|
|
|
3789 <updated>2017-08-24T22:45:00Z</updated> |
|
|
|
3790 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've had the EdgeRouter Lite from Ubiquiti since a little more than a |
|
|
|
3791 year now, and it's a nice and affordable little fanless device to run |
|
|
|
3792 <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/octeon.html">OpenBSD/octeon</a> on.</p> |
|
|
|
3793 |
|
|
|
3794 <p>The CPU on this machine is a dual-core Cavium Octeon CN50xx (MIPS64 ISA) |
|
|
|
3795 which can run in both BE and LE modes. OpenBSD runs in big-endian mode on |
|
|
|
3796 this architecture.</p> |
|
|
|
3797 |
|
|
|
3798 <p>On the minus side, there is no internal clock and no FPU.</p> |
|
|
|
3799 |
|
|
|
3800 <p><img src="/content/2017/08/edgerouter-lite.jpg" alt="OpenBSD on the EdgeRouter Lite" /></p> |
|
|
|
3801 |
|
|
|
3802 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
|
|
3803 |
|
|
|
3804 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>ELF 64-bit MSB shared object, MIPS, MIPS-III version 1 |
|
|
|
3805 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3806 |
|
|
|
3807 <p>And this is the result of the <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
|
|
3808 |
|
|
|
3809 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MD5 <span class="nb">time </span>trial. Processing 10000 10000-byte blocks... |
|
|
|
3810 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
|
|
3811 Time <span class="o">=</span> 2.183314 seconds |
|
|
|
3812 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 45801932.291920 bytes/second |
|
|
|
3813 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
|
|
3814 |
|
|
|
3815 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
|
|
3816 <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-edgerouter-lite.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
|
|
3817 |
|
|
|
3818 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
|
|
3819 |
|
|
|
3820 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 |
|
|
|
3821 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. |
|
|
|
3822 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1995-2017 OpenBSD. All rights reserved. https://www.OpenBSD.org |
|
|
|
3823 |
|
|
|
3824 OpenBSD 6.2-beta <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC.MP<span class="o">)</span> <span class="c">#0: Wed Aug 23 05:12:05 UTC 2017</span> |
|
|
|
3825 visa@octeon:/usr/src/sys/arch/octeon/compile/GENERIC.MP |
|
|
|
3826 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 536870912 <span class="o">(</span>512MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
3827 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 523943936 <span class="o">(</span>499MB<span class="o">)</span> |
|
|
|
3828 mainbus0 at root |
|
|
|
3829 cpu0 at mainbus0: CN50xx CPU rev 0.1 500 MHz, Software FP emulation |
|
|
|
3830 cpu0: cache L1-I 32KB 4 way D 8KB 64 way, L2 128KB 8 way |
|
|
|
3831 cpu1 at mainbus0: CN50xx CPU rev 0.1 500 MHz, Software FP emulation |
|
|
|
3832 cpu1: cache L1-I 32KB 4 way D 8KB 64 way, L2 128KB 8 way |
|
|
|
3833 clock0 at mainbus0: int 5 |
|
|
|
3834 iobus0 at mainbus0 |
|
|
|
3835 simplebus0 at iobus0: <span class="s2">"soc"</span> |
|
|
|
3836 octciu0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3837 cn30xxsmi0 at simplebus0 |
|
|
|
3838 com0 at simplebus0: ns16550a, 64 byte fifo |
|
|
|
3839 com0: console |
|
|
|
3840 dwctwo0 at iobus0 base 0x1180068000000 irq 56 |
|
|
|
3841 usb0 at dwctwo0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
|
|
3842 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Octeon DWC2 root hub"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 1 |
|
|
|
3843 octrng0 at iobus0 base 0x1400000000000 irq 0 |
|
|
|
3844 cn30xxgmx0 at iobus0 base 0x1180008000000 |
|
|
|
3845 cnmac0 at cn30xxgmx0: RGMII, address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:9e |
|
|
|
3846 atphy0 at cnmac0 phy 7: AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
3847 cnmac1 at cn30xxgmx0: RGMII, address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:9f |
|
|
|
3848 atphy1 at cnmac1 phy 6: AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
3849 cnmac2 at cn30xxgmx0: RGMII, address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:a0 |
|
|
|
3850 atphy2 at cnmac2 phy 5: AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
|
|
3851 /dev/ksyms: Symbol table not valid. |
|
|
|
3852 umass0 at uhub0 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"vendor 0x13fe USB DISK 2.0"</span> rev 2.00/1.00 addr 2 |
|
|
|
3853 umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only |
|
|
|
3854 scsibus0 at umass0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
|
|
|
3855 sd0 at scsibus0 targ 1 lun 0: <, USB DISK 2.0, PMAP> SCSI4 0/direct removable serial.13fe42005BB4EF1C4C68 |
|
|
|
3856 sd0: 3824MB, 512 bytes/sector, 7831552 sectors |
|
|
|
3857 vscsi0 at root |
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3858 scsibus1 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
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3859 softraid0 at root |
|
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3860 scsibus2 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
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3861 boot device: sd0 |
|
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|
3862 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>cf2da3d2e43090ca.a<span class="o">)</span> swap on sd0b dump on sd0b |
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3863 cpu1 launched |
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3864 </code></pre></div></div> |
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3865 ]]></content> |
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3866 <summary type="html"> |
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3867 <![CDATA[Running the OpenBSD/octeon port on Ubiquiti EdgeRouter Lite]]> |
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3868 </summary> |
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3869 |
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3870 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
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3871 <category term="MIPS64" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/mips64"/> |
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3872 </entry> |
|
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3873 <entry> |
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3874 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD g2k16 hackathon]]></title> |
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3875 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-g2k16-hackathon/"/> |
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3876 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-g2k16-hackathon/</id> |
|
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3877 <published>2016-12-24T19:39:00Z</published> |
|
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3878 <updated>2016-12-24T19:39:00Z</updated> |
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3879 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>First hackathon. Things started in Rzeszow in a quite surrealistic atmosphere, as I was driving |
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3880 to the airport under heavy rain while a thunderstorm was ongoing. The rest of the trip went smoothly |
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3881 though, allowing me to reach Cambridge without issues.</p> |
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3882 |
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3883 <p>I came to the hackathon with plans to work on audio, emulators, and graphics related ports, and had a relatively large list of potential stuff to port. |
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3884 Porting is a strange addiction. Trying to make sense of custom build systems, patching hardcoded compiler and linker flags, fixed paths, Linuxisms, bashisms, and so far and so on. Oh, and let's not forget programs requiring data files relative to the executable path. It's a time-consuming process, and a few hours can slip by until it's time to admit defeat. For the most part, each port brings a new and unique case of problems to solve. Some of the |
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3885 ports I imported were previous failed attempts, but knowledge gained porting other programs allowed |
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3886 me to overcome blocking issues. It's a never-ending challenge, but a rewarding one as each patch brings the |
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3887 opportunity to attempt upstreaming changes and get in touch with developers which in the vast majority |
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3888 are helpful and happy to see their program being packaged.</p> |
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3889 |
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3890 <p>On the second day, I got my commit bit and managed to import a few things, update some others, and commit daily until the end of the hackathon. |
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3891 I found out that CVS, which is a frequent source of complaints and questions from people external to the project, enforces discipline, a clean workflow, and is actually rather pleasant to work with.</p> |
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3892 |
|
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3893 <p>Overall, the most important part of the hackathon was the human aspect: meeting people in person, some of them I knew from IRC, some I only knew by name from the mailing |
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3894 lists, and finding out that the crowd is both cheerful and welcoming. Having fun, hearing a lot of technical discussions, seeing how the project is evolving and moving forward is super motivating. |
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3895 I left Cambridge very inspired and determined to start a foray into src, one step at a time.</p> |
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3896 |
|
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3897 <p>Thanks to Anil, Gemma, and the OpenBSD foundation for organizing such a nice event. I know it has been a few months since g2k16 already, but I had this draft laying on my disk so I figured it was still time |
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3898 to publish it.</p> |
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3899 |
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3900 ]]></content> |
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3901 <summary type="html"> |
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3902 <![CDATA[My OpenBSD g2k16 hackathon report]]> |
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3903 </summary> |
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3904 |
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3905 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/categories/openbsd"/> |
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3906 </entry> |
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3907 </feed> |
|